人类干扰与海河流域水环境衰退

近 5 0年来 ,海河流域水环境衰退严重 ,已危及到区内人类的生存。人类干扰与海河流域水环境衰退的问题已成为学术界关注和研究的焦点 ,并日益受到政府部门的重视。本文在分析海河流域自然地理特征和近代人类干扰活动的基础上 ,探讨了海河流域潜在的水循环特征及调节因素 ,以及人类干扰与水环境衰退的关系 ,文章指出 :破坏山区森林 ,加快了山区径流向平原区的输送过程 ,增大了流域水循环速度 ;大量修建水库减慢甚至中断山区径流向平原区的输送过程 ,降低流域水循环速度 ;筑堤防、建水库改变水资源分布 ;修建水库、围湖造田及开挖新河减少流域水资源数量 ;遵守自然法则是改善海河流域水环境的唯一途径。研究结论可为规范人类活动提供指导 ,为改善海河流域水环境提供科学根据。     

Impediments and Solutions to Sustainable,Watershed-Scale Urban Stormwater Management: Lessons from Australia and the United States

In urban and suburban areas, stormwater runoff is a primary stressor on surface waters. Conventional urban stormwater drainage systems often route runoff directly to streams and rivers, thus exacerbating pollutant inputs and hydrologic disturbance, and resulting in the degradation of ecosystem structure and function. Decentralized stormwater management tools, such as low impact development (LID) or water sensitive urban design (WSUD), may offer a more sustainable solution to stormwater management if implemented at a watershed scale. These tools are designed to pond, infiltrate, and harvest water at the source, encouraging evaporation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and re-use of stormwater. While there are numerous demonstrations of WSUD practices, there are few examples of widespread implementation at a watershed scale with the explicit objective of protecting or restoring a receiving stream. This article identifies seven major impediments to sustainable urban stormwater management: (1) uncertainties in performance and cost, (2) insufficient engineering standards and guidelines, (3) fragmented responsibilities, (4) lack of institutional capacity, (5) lack of legislative mandate, (6) lack of funding and effective market incentives, and (7) resistance to change. By comparing experiences from Australia and the United States, two developed countries with existing conventional stormwater infrastructure and escalating stream ecosystem degradation, we highlight challenges facing sustainable urban stormwater management and offer several examples of successful, regional WSUD implementation. We conclude by identifying solutions to each of the seven impediments that, when employed separately or in combination, should encourage widespread implementation of WSUD with watershed-based goals to protect human health and safety, and stream ecosystems.     

沱江流域农村径流污染因素分析及防治措施

本文分析了沱江流域农村径流的污染因素和农村径流对沱江的影响,并提出了防治径流污染的措施,通过两年逐月沱江监测数据表明,雨季沱江受到农村径流污染。根据分析,降雨冲刷时段集中、地形坡度加剧径流冲刷、农作物种植安排抗蚀能力差、农药化肥流失严重等是造成沱江流域农村径流污染的主要因素。在农村径流污染因素分析的基础上提出防治农村径流污染的措施。     

电除尘器改造场地局促时进气烟箱的设计

在原地将1套300 MW机组配备的双列双室3电场侧部挠臂锤振打式电除尘器(ESP),改造为双列双室4电场顶部电磁锤振打式ESP时,先将其竖井式进气烟箱的前半部改为结构紧凑的下部进气烟箱,以便在各室增加1个电场。受场地制约,第1、第2层气流均布板设置在壳体之内,导致两板的间距、第2层板与第1电场的间距均小于800 mm。加之取消壳体的进口下端板,因而显著地影响第1电场内的气流分布均匀性。在模型上适当调整导流板和气流均布板的结构之后,第1电场内的气流分布均匀性、粉尘浓度分布均匀性都获得了改善,且ESP内的气体流动形式已成为有利于收尘的上斜式流动。     

泉州白濑水利枢纽工程升鱼机进鱼口位置选择研究

水库大坝建设会对鱼类洄游造成阻隔影响,为减少大坝阻隔对鱼类遗传交流的影响,大坝应建设过鱼设施。福建省泉州白濑水利枢纽工程采用升鱼机过鱼设施,而进鱼口位置选择是影响过鱼设施设计成败的关键因素。根据白濑水利枢纽布置特点,从坝下流场、工程条件、过鱼效果等方面进行进鱼口位置比选研究,为类似水库工程过鱼设施进鱼口位置选择提供参考和借鉴。     

武汉典型下垫面降雨径流PAHs污染特征研究

以武汉城区7类典型下垫面降雨径流中16种多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)为主要研究对象,对径流中常规污染物、PAHs浓度、种类差异与来源等进行研究。结果表明,武汉市7类下垫面降雨径流中,在常规污染物方面,沥青路面和水泥路面的污染程度最高,瓦屋面污染程度最低;而在PAHs方面,沥青路面径流∑16PAHs初始浓度最高,2类油毡屋面(工业园和教工宿舍)次之,其他4类下垫面较低。油毡屋面径流PAHs主要由蒽(ANT)和菲(PHE)组成,而沥青路面、水泥路面等其他5类下垫面径流中主要含有PHE、芘(PYR)和荧蒽(FLA)等。油毡屋面(工业园和教工宿舍)、水泥屋面和瓦屋面等4类屋面径流中主要污染物是2～3环PAHs,而沥青路面和水泥路面径流中则以4～6环PAHs为主。     

城市屋面雨水利用潜力分析——以南京市河西地区某小区为例

城市雨水利用是解决城市水资源短缺和减轻内涝灾害的手段之一。以南京市某小区为例,在分析南京市降雨特征的基础上,利用1〖DK〗∶500地形图资料计算了不同降雨保证率条件下该小区屋面雨水可收集量,分析了雨水收集利用在减轻城市内涝方面的作用,并提出了设置地面蓄水池的4条原则,在此基础上调查分析了该小区设置地面蓄水池的可行性。结果表明:在降雨保证率为50%时,通过屋面年可收集利用的雨量为114 272 1 m3;在日降雨量为500和955 mm（南京市多年平均年最大日降雨量）时,屋面雨水利用可减少214%和112%的地表径流;小区内可设置蓄水池的建筑屋面面积占总屋面面积的55%,其中住宅和其他类建筑中可设置蓄水池的建筑屋面面积比例占77%     

气候变化对西苕溪流域未来洪水影响研究——Ⅰ.VIC模型评估

可变下渗能力模型VIC是基于单元网格的分布式水文模型,易于与气候模式进行耦合,从而揭示气候变化对水循环的复杂影响,为分析气候变化情景下流域洪水的响应特征提供技术支撑。作为研究工作的第一步,构建了基于5 km×5 km网格分辨率的西苕溪流域VIC径流模拟模型。利用流域出口横塘村水文观测站1990~2000年日流量观测数据并结合西苕溪流域的汇流特点,采用Dag Lohmann汇流模型进行参数率定和验证。模拟结果表明：VIC模型对西苕溪流域日、年径流量的模拟值与观测值吻合良好,率定期和验证期的多年平均年径流相对误差Er分别为077%和343%,模拟日或月流量的确定性系数和Nash Suttcliffe系数都大于075,特别是对洪水年汛期流量过程的模拟,确定性系数均大于080,模型对洪水的模拟可信性较高     

Changes in Patterns of Streamflow From Unregulated Watersheds in Idaho,Western Wyoming,and Northern Nevada1

Clark, Gregory M., 2010. Changes in Patterns of Streamflow From Unregulated Watersheds in Idaho, Western Wyoming, and Northern Nevada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):486-497. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00416.x Abstract: Recent studies have identified a pattern of earlier spring runoff across much of North America. Earlier spring runoff potentially poses numerous problems, including increased risk of flooding and reduced summer water supply for irrigation, power generation, and migratory fish passage. To identify changing runoff patterns in Idaho streams, streamflow records were analyzed for 26 U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations in Idaho, western Wyoming, and northern Nevada, each with a minimum of 41 years of record. The 26 stations are located on 23 unregulated and relatively pristine streams that drain areas ranging from 28 to >35,000 km². Four runoff parameters were trend tested at each station for both the period of historical record and from 1967 through 2007. Parameters tested were annual mean streamflow, annual minimum daily streamflow, and the dates of the 25th and 50th percentiles of the annual total streamflow. Results of a nonparametric Mann-Kendall trend test revealed a trend toward lower annual mean and annual minimum streamflows at a majority of the stations, as well as a trend toward earlier snowmelt runoff. Significant downward trends over the period of historical record were most prevalent for the annual minimum streamflow (12 stations) and the 50th percentile of streamflow (11 stations). At most stations, trends were more pronounced during the period from 1967 through 2007. A regional Kendall test for water years 1967 through 2007 revealed significant regional trends in the percent change in the annual mean and annual minimum streamflows (0.67% less per year and 0.62% less per year, respectively), the 25th percentile of streamflow (12.3 days earlier), and the 50th percentile of streamflow (11.5 days earlier).     

电除尘器进气烟箱参数对气流分布影响的仿真研究

电除尘器进气烟箱结构参数不仅对除尘器内部气流分布的均匀性产生重要影响,而且还会影响除尘效率和排放指标。针对电除尘器进气烟箱结构参数选取与气流分布均匀性问题,采用欧拉-拉格朗日多相流模型,对进气烟箱扩散角,气流分布板孔形、开孔率和导流板角度等参数,进行了三维流场模拟仿真计算,获得各参数对气流均匀性的影响关系规律。仿真结果表明:方形孔的气流分布板能获得较佳的气流分布均匀性;合理调节进气烟箱扩散角、开孔率和导流板角度可有效地改善电场内气流分布状况。研究结果可为电除尘器进气烟箱的设计与改进提供依据。