我国南方水稻产地镉环境质量类别划分技术

针对我国耕地质量类别划分技术及方法体系不完善的现状,提出应用物种敏感性分布法(SSD)基于不同保护率建立"优先保护类、安全利用类和严格管控类"的土壤镉划分阈值,并对其合理性和科学性验证.结果表明,我国南方水稻产地土壤p H、土壤有机质(SOM)和阳离子交换量(CEC)对水稻富集镉的影响均达到了极显著水平(P <0.01),并由其构建的三因子生物有效性模型可解释水稻富集系数62.0%的变异;水稻对镉的SSD曲线表明,不同水稻品种对镉的敏感性差异明显,主要与其基因型相关;依据SSD曲线基于保护率为80%和5%推导出我国南方水稻产地"优先保护类和严格管控类"的土壤镉划分阈值分别为0.26 mg·kg^-1和1.67 mg·kg^-1,且当土壤镉≤0.26 mg·kg^-1时划分为优先保护类耕地,土壤镉≥1.67 mg·kg^-1时划分为严格管控类耕地,土壤镉介于0.26～1.67 mg·kg^-1时划分为安全利用类耕地,并通过134组独立数据验证其具有一定合理性和科学性.本研究表明应用S...     

江南Z市农村饮水有机污染物健康风险评估

应用化学法及吹扫捕集、气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),检测Z市农村不同类型饮用水与癌症相关的有机污染物,对污染物的剂量与癌症标化死亡率进行Spearman等级相关分析。该市河水、池塘水、浅井水中部分样品的COD_Mn、BOD₅和NH₃-N指标超过地表水环境质量Ⅲ类标准,微生物指标超过生活饮用水卫生标准,检出NH₃-N及NO₃-N、NO₂-N合成致癌物NAD的2类前体物及NDMA等直接致癌物。Z市农村河水、池塘水、浅井水主要受生活排污和农业生产污染,不宜作生活饮用水。不同类型饮用水有机污染物丰水期高于枯水期(P值均小于0.05)。癌症标化死亡率与不同类型饮用水有机污染浓度呈等级正相关(P值均小于0.05),与NO₂-N、NDMA、NDEA含量呈剂量-效应关系。直接饮用污染的地表水是造成该市农村癌症高发聚集分布的主要原因之一。     

Perceived barriers to and drivers of community participation in protected‐area governance

Protected areas (PAs) are a frequently used conservation strategy, yet their socioeconomic impacts on local communities remain contentious. A shift toward increased participation by local communities in PA governance seeks to deliver benefits for human well‐being and biodiversity. Although participation is considered critical to the success of PAs, few researchers have investigated individuals’ decisions to participate and what this means for how local people experience the costs and benefits of conservation. We explored who participates in PA governance associations and why; the perceived benefits and costs to participation; and how costs and benefits are distributed within and between communities. Methods included 3 focus groups, 37 interviews, and 217 questionnaire surveys conducted in 3 communities and other stakeholders (e.g., employees of a nongovernmental organization and government officials) in PA governance in Madagascar. Our study design was grounded in the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the most commonly applied behavior model in social psychology. Participation in PA governance was limited by miscommunication and lack of knowledge about who could get involved and how. Respondents perceived limited benefits and high costs and uneven distribution of these within and between communities. Men, poorer households, and people in remote villages reported the highest costs. Our findings illustrate challenges related to comanagement of PAs: understanding the heterogeneous nature of communities; ensuring all households are represented in governance participation; understanding differences in the meaning of forest protection; and targeting interventions to reach households most in need to avoid elite capture.     

汉江流域秦巴山区中药材资源优势与持续发展

汉江流域秦巴山区生态环境复杂，生物多样性突出，中药材资源丰富，具有很大优势，主要表现在：种类多；产量大；多名优特种类。中药材生产对山区经济发展起重要作用。中药材生产持 拟采取下列措施或途径；建设专门化生产基地；进行综合性经营；加强对野生资源保护性利用；加强科研工作。     

Ecological features of species range formation in the Altai snowcock

Ecological conditions for the Altai snowcock and the history of formation of its range in the Altai-Sayan mountain region are discussed. The range of this species extends mainly over mountain massifs surrounding the Great Lakes Basin in western Mongolia and the Tuva Basin. These regions are characterized by broken relief with steep slopes. Snowcocks populate both humid high-mountain areas of the Alpine type and dry-steppe areas in middle and low mountains. Expansion of this species to the Altai-Sayan region is attributed to Miocene-Pliocene aridization well manifested in central Asia. The recent distribution of the Altai snowcock over different altitudinal belts is explained by alternation of glaciations and interglacial periods in the Pleistocene and anthropogenic impact in the Holocene. The total abundance of this rare species is estimated at 10000–12000 individuals.     

红壤地区小流域开发治理研究——以玉山县宅前小流域为例

本文以玉山县宅前小流域开发治理规划为例,指出红壤地区小流域治理指导思想和应遵循原则,提出以山顶及坡度≥25°山坡营造防护林,坡度<25°山坡实行等高开垦为水土保持措施;同时兴修水利,建立山地灌溉体系,努力提高劳动者素质,加速区域经济发展,此小流域开发治理将为我国南方未开发的红壤地区充分利用自然资源提出一个典范。     

我国农业与农村可持续发展的制度创新

我国农业与农村可持续发展的核心问题是农民收入问题。只有切实提高农民的收入水平。才能有效地增加农民购买力，从而增加农业生产资料的投入。进而保证粮食增产。我国农业与农村可持续发展存在的两个矛盾是小农经济与市场经济社会化的矛盾以及小农经济与科技化之间的矛盾。面临的两个分离是家庭经济与集体经济的分离以及传统供销合作社与农民利益的分离。增加农民收入的规模经济论与乡镇企业论的确有成功的典范．但是。对我国更多的农村地区来讲．不具有普遍意义。我国农业和农村可持续发展的关键有两个．一是符合区域特色的区域农业专业化．二是通过专业合作社的制度创新．将分散的家庭组织起来．以解决家庭小生产与大市场之间的巨大矛盾。     

可持续农业和农村发展试验区的实践──以湖南省娄底地区为例

湖南省娄底地区是我国可持续农业和农村发展（SARD）试验示范区之一，六年来的研究与实践缓解了经济社会发展与资源环境之间的矛盾，使该地区初步走上了农业与农村可持续发展的道路。     

我国农村公共产品供给与农民负担研究

在当前，我国农村公共产品供给表现为不规范与整体不足，甚至农民成为直接资金的供给者．这不利于减轻农民负担，并且在一定程度上扭曲了农业生产中资源配置，影响了农业的发展。而仅将“费”改“税”是不能根本解决农民负担。因此，必须对农树公共产品供给进行制度创新。     

城市内河环境综合整治工程环境影响评价探讨

以南宁市竹排冲环境综合整治工程为例,探讨此类建设项目中施工扬尘、噪声、固废物处置及水土流失、底泥疏浚与处置的环境影响评价要点;针对项目施工期的环境影响和营运期对河流生态系统的影响,提出切实可行的环保措施和建议。