Featured Collection Introduction: Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters

Connectivity is a fundamental but highly dynamic property of watersheds. Variability in the types and degrees of aquatic ecosystem connectivity presents challenges for researchers and managers seeking to accurately quantify its effects on critical hydrologic, biogeochemical, and biological processes. However, protecting natural gradients of connectivity is key to protecting the range of ecosystem services that aquatic ecosystems provide. In this featured collection, we review the available evidence on connections and functions by which streams and wetlands affect the integrity of downstream waters such as large rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries. The reviews in this collection focus on the types of waters whose protections under the U.S. Clean Water Act have been called into question by U.S. Supreme Court cases. We synthesize 40+ years of research on longitudinal, lateral, and vertical fluxes of energy, material, and biota between aquatic ecosystems included within the Act's frame of reference. Many questions about the roles of streams and wetlands in sustaining downstream water integrity can be answered from currently available literature, and emerging research is rapidly closing data gaps with exciting new insights into aquatic connectivity and function at local, watershed, and regional scales. Synthesis of foundational and emerging research is needed to support science‐based efforts to provide safe, reliable sources of fresh water for present and future generations.     

Transformation of rural communities: lessons from a local self-initiative for building resilience in the Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands is vulnerable to negative impacts from climate change, where people’s livelihoods and their well-being are threatened, especially the viability of isolated communities. Realising the increasing risks from climate change on communities, government, in partnership with aid-donor partners, has invested millions of dollars in climate change projects, through mitigation and adaptation strategies. As a form of adaptation, the government invests in programmes aimed at increasing the adaptive capacity of the vulnerable communities through landscape and seascape projects across the rural communities. Focusing on the “transformation concept” as a long-term adaptation strategy and enlargement of climate engineering and ecological resilience concepts, the paper discusses why building resilience from transformation of rural communities, as well as from landscape and seascape projects, would benefit communities and relevant authorities. This paper describes the findings of a study on two rural villages, Keigold and Mondo, from Ranogha Islands, Western Province, in Solomon Islands, where 80% of households decided to relocate from their old village “Mondo” to their new home “Keigold” after an earthquake in 2007, as part of a self-initiative. The reallocation process can be seen as a case of pro-active community transformation that provides valuable lessons to other rural communities that may be forced to move due to impacts from natural catastrophes, including those explained by climate change risks. Lessons from this experience suggest that policy-makers and non-government organisations should consider and empower local transformation initiatives as a way to building long-term adaptation to climate change.     

利用生态混凝土控制城市坡面暴雨径流污染试验研究

利用生态混凝土作为护坡材料,研究暴雨条件下生态混凝土控制山坡降雨径流污染的机理,以期对生态混凝土在城市护坡和护岸中的应用提供理论依据.研究结果表明,生态混凝土改变了雨水在坡面上的水文过程,阻延径流作用十分明显,有效地降低了污染物的负荷输出.生态混凝土试验小区(T2)与裸地(CK)和改良土壤小区(T1)相比,径流量分别减少了48%和24%,TN年度污染负荷(UPLRs)分别减少了53%和45%,溶解态氮(DN)减少了26%和28%,TP减少了57%和30%,溶解态磷(DP)降低了80%和33%,COD降低了62%和40%,TSS降低了56%和43%,产流时间和流量峰均明显滞后.另外,同植被覆盖良好的小区(T3)相比,生态混凝土对各种污染指标的控制效果没有明显差异,但其抗冲刷能力较强,更能适应城市护坡和护岸的需要.     

河南省北部区域霾污染过程中城市和农村点位PM2.5组分差异

近年来,我国京津冀及其周边地区暴发了多次霾污染过程,受观测仪器等因素的限制,尚未有对河南省北部城市和农村霾污染的对比研究.利用一系列在线高时间分辨率的观测仪器在河南省2个城市点位和3个农村点位对一次区域重污染过程(2018年1月12～25日)进行综合观测.结果表明SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄(SNA)是此次区域污染过程中5个点位PM_2.5中占比最高的组分,位于53%～63%之间,以NO^-₃为主24%～32%,其次为SO₄^2-(13%～17%).相较于城市点位,农村点位PM_2.5中有机物的占比更高,尤其是夜间.随着污染的加重,SNA的占比上升,重污染时段可达67%.此外,当区域受南部气团的传输影响时,5个点位PM_2.5中NO^-₃的占比增大;受北和东北部气团的传...     

象草与苦楝/构树间作修复矿区重金属污染土壤潜力

为探讨象草与木本植物苦楝/构树间作修复矿区重金属污染土壤潜力,开展室内盆栽试验,分析间作对植物生物量和重金属吸收累积、土壤溶液重金属含量动态变化影响及根际微生物群落组成响应特征.结果表明,和单作相比,象草和苦楝(KX)间作两者地上部生物量分别增加26.5%和13.2%,象草和构树(GX)间作下构树地上部生物量增加13.5%,象草生物量无明显变化.和象草间作后苦楝地上部Cd含量显著提高24.9%,两者地上部Cd和Pb累积量明显提高(P<0.05);间作构树显著增加象草地上部Cd和Pb含量及累积量,但构树地上部Cd和Pb含量明显降低.总体而言,间作处理显著提高单盆植物地上部Cd和Pb共同累积总量,且KX间作下单盆地上部Cd和Pb共同累积总量(1 065μg·pot^-1)最高.整个修复期间,KX和GX间作下土壤溶液pH和溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量均高于未修复土壤(CK).修复结束(第150 d)时,KX和GX间作下土壤溶液DOC含量分别较CK显著增加40.5%和33.1%(P<0.05),与CK、象草和构树单作相比,KX间作下土壤溶液Cd含量分别显著降低56...     

基于GIS和PSR的江苏省水土流失易发区划分研究

水土流失易发区划分是新一轮水土保持规划的现实需要。基于PSR概念模型,选取12个指标建立评价指标体系,并采用改进的层次分析法求得指标权重,通过多级加权求和,对江苏省平原区进行水土流失易发区划分评价。该方法以250m×250m栅格为单元,借助GIS的空间分析功能制作各层次指标的空间分布图,并分别从压力、状态、响应3个子层次和综合目标层进行评价分析。结果表明:全省平原区水土流失压力分布较为普遍,Ⅲ级及以上压力区域占全省总面积的40.75%;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级易发区域面积分别为10.12%、42.90%、25.73%和1.24%,无Ⅴ级易发区域;最终划定江苏省水土流失易发区面积约占全省总面积的26.97%。具有现状数据的评价单元划分结果与实际情况较一致,说明水土流失易发区划分结果能基本反映江苏省水土流失特点和状况,可作为江苏省水土保持规划的重要依据。     

Nitrogen Removal by Stormwater Management Structures: A Data Synthesis

A comprehensive synthesis of data from empirically based published studies and a widely used stormwater best management practice (BMP) database were used to assess the variability in nitrogen (N) removal performance of urban stormwater ponds, wetlands, and swales and to identify factors that may explain this variability. While the data suggest that BMPs were generally effective on average, removal efficiencies of ammonium (NH₄), nitrate (NO₃), and total nitrogen (TN) were highly variable ranging from negative (i.e., BMPs acting as sources of N) to 100%. For example, removal of NO₃ varied from (median ±1 SD) ?15 ± 49% for dry ponds, 32 ± 120% for wet ponds, 58 ± 210% for wetlands, and 37 ± 29% for swales. Across the same BMP types, TN removal was 27 ± 24%, 40 ± 31%, 61 ± 30%, and 50 ± 29%. NH₄ removal was 9 ± 36%, 29 ± 72%, 31 ± 24%, and 45 ± 34%. BMP size, age, and location explained some of the variability. For example, small and shallow ponds and wetlands were more effective than larger, deeper ones in removing N. Despite well‐known intra‐annual variation in N fluxes, most measurements have been made over short time periods using concentrations, not flow‐weighted N fluxes. Urban N export is increasing in some areas as large storms become more frequent. Thus, accounting for the full range of BMP performance under such conditions is crucial. A select number of long‐term flux‐based BMP studies that rigorously measure rainfall, hydrology, and site conditions could improve BMP implementation.     

Whose land? Whose water? Water rights,equity and justice in a peri-urban context

Based on research in peri-urban areas, this paper explores questions of water justice in the context of emerging global cities. With the growth of large cities, authorities focus on meeting their water needs through infrastructure expansion and supply augmentation. The changing water needs and priorities of peri-urban locations, which provide land and water for urban expansion, receive scant attention. This paper looks at changing patterns of water use between rural and urban uses, based on research in peri-urban Gurgaon, an emerging outsourcing and recreation hub of North West India. It describes the diversity of ways in which peri-urban residents lose access to water as the city expands. These processes raise important questions about water justice, about the politics of urban expansion, and the implicit biases about whom these cities are meant for.     

福建省乡村智慧旅游发展创新策略研究

基于智慧旅游视角对福建省乡村旅游发展现状进行分析,发现其在旅游配套设施、管理、营销与服务上缺乏智慧引领,从基础保障体系构建、智慧管理、智慧营销和智慧服务四方面提出福建省“乡村智慧旅游”架构及创新发展策略,以期对福建乃至全国的乡村旅游转型发展提供借鉴.     

北京房山山区沟域经济产业空间布局研究

沟域经济是山区发展研究的新视角,通过对房山山区自然地理格局、 综合生态系统敏感性及服务功能分析,得出深山区-两大流域区-浅山区的生态功能区划格局。在生态功能区划的基础上,对相对综合资源承载力作出评价,确保从地域整体视角统筹区域发展,将开发强度控制在资源环境承载力范围之内。结果表明,根据不同功能区生态承载力的空间和阈值差异,可将沟域产业空间布局划分为深山限制发展区、 大石河重点发展区、 拒马河重点发展区和浅山优先发展区4类产业调控区,通过分析不同类型区的特征,分别制订产业准入门槛、 产业规模和产业发展方向等产业发展调控策略。