长三角区域典型城市大气污染特征及防治建议

长三角区域是工业集聚程度高、大气环境污染形势较为严峻的区域。本文以长三角区域的典型城市南京市作为分析对象,研究其大气污染特征,分析主要污染物的组成和来源,从而深入了解长三角地区大气污染问题的影响因素,并有针对性地提出有效的防治建议。     

践行“两山”理论 促进农业农村绿色发展

分析、疏理习近平同志关于绿水青山就是金山银山的科学论断及主要内涵,深刻理解这一理念是对农业农村发展观的重大革命,为农业供给侧结构性改革指明了方向。树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的新发展理念,发挥其在农业农村绿色发展中的理论支撑作用,在转变农业生产方式和农民生活方式、调整农业产业结构、优化农村产业布局、催生新产业新业态、走“资源节约型、环境友好型”的绿色发展之路、建设美丽宜居乡村等方面具有指导意义。     

Effective Transboundary Aquifer Areas: An Approach for Transboundary Groundwater Management

The natural complexity, heterogeneity, and extent of transboundary aquifers around the world, have led to controversy over which method or criteria should be used to identify and delineate their boundaries. Currently, there is no standard methodology that aquifer‐sharing countries can use to delineate the area of a transboundary aquifer. In the case of Mexico and Texas, Mexico uses administrative boundaries, whereas Texas uses geological boundaries. This paper proposes a method for delineation and prioritization of aquifers (or aquifer areas) called effective transboundary aquifer areas (ETAAs), which uses a combination of physical criteria (geological boundaries, topography, and hydrography) and the location and density of active water wells in the borderland between Mexico and Texas. This method identifies the area of priority (productivity area) in the aquifer using pumping patterns or hot spots regardless of the aquifer’s surficial geological limits, therefore offering a more effective, local and practical management option at the transboundary level. Different geological features or pumping patterns will have different sizes and locations of ETAAs within the same aquifer. In West Texas, which is dominated by bolsons, the method produces limited options for ETAAs, whereas in South Texas in the easternmost border the identified ETAAs are more significant.     

林业碳汇助力乡村振兴的调查——以国家重点生态功能区S县为例

林业碳汇是应对温室气体排放而提出的新型林业发展理念与方向,在绿水青山就是金山银山的理念下,可以利用林业碳汇发展模式实现经济与生态的互利共赢。从S县的现状看,林业碳汇的开发取得了初步成效,但还存在设施与宣传不足的问题,同时缺乏科学的管理。为此,需要采取有效措施,包括加大普及力度、加强基础条件建设、扩大实施范围、加快不同规则的对接、完善管理制度、搭建第三方交易平台等,以期为林业资源丰富地区探索生态建设与乡村振兴有机结合提供有益借鉴。     

我国“十四五”时期农村环境保护总体思路探讨

打好升级版污染防治攻坚战,思路创新与转型是关键。我国农村环境保护底子薄、基础差、欠账多,现阶段农村环境治理仍是经济社会发展的突出"短板"和显著"弱项"。本文在分析"十四五"时期农村环境保护工作基础和面临形势的基础上,提出以改善农村环境质量、提高农村环境治理体系和治理能力现代化水平为核心,以解决农民群众身边最紧迫、最直接的突出生态环境问题为导向,聚焦农村生态、农业生产、农民生活三大重点领域,统筹城乡污染治理体制机制,推动建立多元共治体系,打通"两山"转化通道,打好升级版的农村污染防治攻坚战的总体思路,助力乡村振兴战略,全面提升农村生态文明和绿色发展水平。     

Mapping legal authority for terrestrial conservation corridors along streams

Wildlife corridors aim to promote species’ persistence by connecting habitat patches across fragmented landscapes. Their implementation is limited by patterns of land ownership and complicated by differences in the jurisdictional and regulatory authorities under which lands are managed. Terrestrial corridor conservation requires coordination across jurisdictions and sectors subject to site-specific overlapping sources of legal authority. Mapping spatial patterns of legal authority concurrent with habitat condition can illustrate opportunities to build or leverage capacity for connectivity conservation. Streamside areas provide pragmatic opportunities to leverage existing policy mechanisms for riverine and terrestrial habitat connectivity across boundaries. Conservation planners and practitioners can make use of these opportunities by harmonizing actions for multiple conservation outcomes. We formulated an integrative, data-driven method for mapping multiple sources of legal authority weighted by capacity for coordinating terrestrial habitat conservation along streams. We generated a map of capacity to coordinate streamside corridor protections across a wildlife habitat gap to demonstrate this approach. We combined values representing coordination capacity and naturalness to generate an integrated legal-ecological resistance map for connectivity modeling. We then computed least-cost corridors across the integrated map, masking the terrestrial landscape to focus on streamside areas. Streamside least-cost corridors in the integrated, local-scale model diverged (∼25 km) from national-scale least-cost corridors based on naturalness. Spatial categories comparing legal- and naturalness-based resistance values by stream reach highlighted potential locations for building or leveraging existing capacity through spatial coordination of policy mechanisms or restoration actions. Agencies or nongovernmental organizations intending to restore or maintain habitat connectivity across fragmented landscapes can use this approach to inform spatial prioritization and build coordination capacity. Article impact statement: Combined mapping of legal authority and habitat condition reveals capacity to coordinate actions along streams for clean water and wildlife.     

中国农村环境问题的法律思考

改革开放以来,随着中国农村经济的快速发展,农村环境问题也日益突出,严重影响了社会主义新农村建设的“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”目标和要求的实现,阻碍了农村乃至全国经济、社会和环境的协调发展。加强农村环境保护,是新农村建设的当务之急,是全面建设小康社会和构建和谐社会的迫切要求。文中在现有研究的基础上,考察农村环境问题之现状,从法律视角,深入分析农村环境的问题之所在,提出解决农村环境问题的对策,努力探寻一条与中国农村实际相适合的生态环境保护道路。     

我国农村生态环境保护社区“自组织”载体刍议

当前,我国农村生态环境保护社区"自组织"的载体是居委会,已经得到法律与行政层面的认可.本文认为,社区"自组织"的载体不能仅仅局限于村委会,无论在理念层面还是在实践层面,村委会都存在着缺陷与不足,不能完全代表村民利益共同体.合作组织具有很多优势,应当成为我国农村生态环境保护社区"自组织"的重要载体之一.当前,合作组织载体作用的发挥还面临着许多难题,例如如何处理与村委会的关系、如何保证合法性等等.为此,我们认为,当前必需把合作组织自身建设与政府支持以及规范相互结合起来,合作组织自身建设的重点在于规章制度等环节,政府支持的重点在于人力资源培训以及保证合法性等环节,政府规范的重点在于立法、监督以及矫正等环节.同时,我们还要加强合作组织网络、综合性合作组织以及跨村域合作组织的建设,形成利益嵌套格局,以真正发挥合作组织在农村生态环境保护中的载体作用.     

农村生活污水治理示范工程的成本有效性研究——以上海和苏南地区为例

成本有效性是农村生活污水治理工程从示范到普及推广的生命线.本文在上海和苏南地区9个示范工程调研的基础上,将农村生活污水的治理技术简化为"城镇污水处理厂小型化"和"自然处理系统"两种工艺,对示范工程的成本有效性进行了分析.研究发现,示范工程在管网费用、设备费用、主地占用成本和日常运营费用等方面都存在成本下降的空间.针对这些问题,本文提出了相应的政策建议:合理的项目选址是影响管网费用的决定性因素;政府层面的集中研发可以削减单个项目的重复研发费用;设定工程建造标准可以避免土地利用和工程建设中不必要的浪费;农民和第三方企业的广泛参与则可以节省建设和运营成本,更重要的是可以保证工程建成后的有效运行.     

安徽省无为、和县区域主体功能的分区

主体功能区域划分是有别于过去任何区划的创新性的工作,目前作为全国及各省的一项重要战略任务已经全面展开,但涉及具体县域单元的典型实证研究较为薄弱。随着中部崛起战略的提出和实施,中部安徽沿江地区正掀起开发沿江的高潮,迎来快速发展期。以安徽沿江地区无为、和县为实证区域,以乡镇为基本空间单元,以GIS为技术支撑,运用“生态 经济社会支撑力”互斥性矩阵分区方法,将县域开发的功能区划分为优先开发区域、鼓励开发区域、适度开发区域、引导开发区域和禁止开发区域5种类型。并根据功能分区的分类结论,确定出县域开发轴线、产业空间布局、生态保护轴线与保护框架。最后,在实证研究基础上,对确定县域开发轴线和生态保护轴线的思路以及县域功能分区的方法论基础进行了探讨。