The Modelling of Turbulence from Traffic in Urban Dispersion Models — Part I: Theoretical Considerations

The modelling of pollutant dispersion at the street scale in an urban environment requires the knowledge of turbulence generated by the traffic motion in streets. In this paper, a theoretical framework to estimate mechanical turbulence induced by traffic in street canyons at low wind speed conditions is established. The standard deviation of the velocity fluctuations is adopted as a measure of traffic-produced turbulence (TPT). Based on the balance between turbulent kinetic energy production and dissipation, three different parameterisations for TPT suitable for different traffic flow conditions are derived and discussed. These formulae rely on the calculations of constants that need to be estimated on the basis of experimental data. One such estimate has been made with the help of a wind tunnel data set corresponding to intermediate traffic densities, which is the most common regime, with interacting vehicle wakes.     

尚勇自然保护区周边地区社会经济现状及可持续发展对策

采用多种调查技术与方法 ,对尚勇自然保护区周边地区社会经济现状进行分析。该区存在群众文化素质偏低 ,医疗卫生状况较差 ,农业生产方式落后 ,保护区管理缺乏群众参与 ,保护区管理部门与周边乡村关系不够融洽等问题。针对这些问题 ,相应地提出了社区社会经济可持续发展的一系列对策     

Association between driver and child passenger restraint: Analysis of community-based observational survey data from 2005 to 2019

Introduction: Crash data suggest an association between driver seatbelt use and child passenger restraint. However, community-based restraint use is largely unknown. We examined the association between driver seatbelt use and child restraint using data from a state-wide observational study. Methods: Data from Iowa Child Passenger Restraint Survey, a representative state-wide survey of adult seat belt use and child passenger safety, were analyzed. A total of 44,996 child passengers age 0–17 years were observed from 2005 to 2019. Information about driver seatbelt use and child restraint was directly observed by surveyors and driver age was reported. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between driver seatbelt use and child restraint adjusting for vehicle type, community size, child seating position, child passenger age, and year. Results: Over the 15-year study period, 4,114 (9.1%) drivers were unbelted, 3,692 (8.2%) children were completely unrestrained, and another 1,601 (3.6%) children were improperly restrained (analyzed as unrestrained). About half of unbelted drivers had their child passengers unrestrained (51.8%), while nearly all belted drivers had their child passengers properly restrained (92.3%). Compared with belted drivers, unbelted drivers had an 11-fold increased odds of driving an unrestrained child passenger (OR = 11.19, 95%CI = 10.36, 12.09). The association between driver seatbelt use and child restraint was much stronger among teenage drivers. Unbelted teenage drivers were 33-fold more likely (OR = 33.34, 95%CI = 21.11, 52.64) to have an unrestrained child passenger. Conclusion: These data suggest that efforts to increase driver seatbelt use may also have the added benefit of increasing child restraint use. Practical applications: Enforcement of child passenger laws and existing education programs for new drivers could be leveraged to increase awareness of the benefits of seatbelt use for both drivers themselves and their occupants. Interventions aimed at rural parents could emphasize the importance of child safety restraints.     

矿区环境信息管理与决策系统的研究与开发

将ASP技术、WebGIS技术应用于矿区环境信息管理系统中,对于矿区环境管理、数字环保具有重要价值。在研究环境信息管理系统及相关技术的基础上,从系统需求、数据库、系统体系及功能结构等多方面设计和实现了矿区环境信息管理与决策系统,促进了矿业城市的可持续发展。     

城乡结合部垃圾疏散职能的重塑

从生态系统的角度阐述了城市与乡村的物质能量流动关系,指出我国城市生活垃圾产业化进程中,关键的问题是重塑城乡结合部的垃圾疏散职能。通过设计城乡结合部生活垃圾处理系统,重塑了城乡结合部的垃圾疏散职能。     

Sustainable Agriculture in the UK

Most agricultural assessments of global environmental change made to date have not focused explicitly on sustainability issues, and have neglected the considerable impacts of shifting agricultural zones, alterations in commercial fertiliser and pesticide use, and changes in the demand for water resources. The current crisis in agriculture, with its economic, political, social and ecological dimensions, has arisen because of the pursuit of a productivity technology/policy model. This broad policy of agricultural ‘modernisation’ and development through the application of agricultural science and technology has shaped the direction of technological change in agriculture and the evolution of a complex agro-industrial food system.¹ This paper focuses on England’s Rural Development Programme² as it contributes to sustainable agriculture alongside the control of pollution.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形破坏特征研究

为揭示地下采空诱发顺层岩质斜坡变形失稳的机制,采用底摩擦模型模拟试验方法,以重庆市鸡尾山地质条件为试验对象,研究不同开采顺序(顺坡开采、逆坡开采)、煤柱留设(上下边界矿柱、区段或水平矿柱)情况下,地下采空区不同空间分布诱发其上覆岩层的变形破裂响应特征。结果表明:1)地下采空区分布不同,其上覆岩层变形破裂响应特征也不同;2)软弱夹层是顺层斜坡的潜在滑动面,同一矿山地质条件、不同采空区影响下的软弱夹层可分为凹形、凸形、S形、反S形4种类型;3)地下采矿形成采空区后,岩体破坏规模及程度主要受地质环境和开采方式的控制,地下采空影响下类似含软弱夹层缓倾斜顺层斜坡的变形机制为弯曲-断裂、滑移-拉裂。     

Investigating the influence on safety of retrofitting Italian motorways with barriers meeting a new EU standard

Objective: A new European Union (EU) regulation for safety barriers, which is based on performance, has encouraged road agencies to perform an upgrade of old barriers, with the expectation that there will be safety benefits at the retrofitted sites. The new class of barriers was designed and installed in compliance with the 1998 (European Norm) EN 1317 standards for road restraint systems, which lays down common requirements for the testing and certification of road restraint systems in all countries of the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Both the older and new barriers are made of steel and are installed in such a way as to avoid vehicle intrusion, but the older ones are thought to be only effective at low speeds and large angles of impact. The new standard seeks to remedy this by providing better protection at higher speeds. This article seeks to quantify the effect on the frequency of fatal and injury crashes of retrofitting motorways with barriers meeting the new standards.

Methods: The estimation of the crash modification was carried out by performing an empirical Bayes before–after analysis based on data from the A18 Messina–Catania motorway in Italy. The methodology has the great advantage to account for the regression to the mean effects. Besides, to account for time trend effects and dispersion of crash data, a modified calibration methodology of safety performance was used.

Results: This study, based on data collected on 76 km of motorway in the period 2000–2012, derived Crash Modification Factor point estimates that indicate reductions of 72% for run-off-road fatal and injury crashes and 38% in total fatal and injury crashes that could be expected by upgrading an old safety barrier by complying with new EU 1317 standards. The estimated benefit-cost ratio of 5.57 for total crashes indicates that the treatment is cost effective.

Conclusions: The magnitude of this benefit indicates that the retrofits are cost-effective even for total crashes and should continue in any European country inasmuch as the estimated Crash Modification Factors are based on treatment sites that are reasonably representative of all European motorways.     

黄河流域五大灌区沿河耕地土壤肥力评价与改良措施

为了提高黄河流域农业可持续性,保障区域粮食安全,本文以宁夏（NX）、河套（HT）、汾河（FG）、关中（GZ）、华北平原（HB）五大引黄灌区耕层土壤为研究对象,测定其养分含量并进行土壤肥力评价。结果表明：五大灌区土壤pH均高于8.0,土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾含量均值分别为16.43 g?kg^?1、0.96 g?kg^?1、79.71 mg?kg^?1、0.76 g?kg^?1、30.60 mg?kg^?1、16.85 g?kg^?1、228.73 mg?kg^?1,对应养分级别为四级、四级、四级、三级、二级、三级、一级;土壤微量元素有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量均值为6.21 mg?kg^?1、5.94 mg?kg^?1、1.05 mg?kg^?1、5.10 mg?kg^?1,对应养分级别为三级、四级、一级、一级。黄河流域五大灌区沿河耕地土壤综合肥力指数由大到小的顺序为：NX＞FG＞HB＞HT＞GZ。各灌区应增加农田有机质,调整氮磷钾肥施加比例,重视微量元素供给,从而实现灌区种植的可持续发展。     

中国村镇生活垃圾特性及处理现状

为了系统充分了解现阶段我国村镇生活垃圾特性、处理模式及方式,概述了全国各区域村镇生活垃圾特征,介绍了村镇生活垃圾的处理现状,包括收运、分类回收、处理模式以及处置方式.以青岛农村地区为例,分析了垃圾产量主要相关因素影响程度大小,并预测了垃圾产量.可为各地村镇生活垃圾的特性分析及处理方式选用提供一定的支撑.