论农村居民点用地混合利用的研究框架

土地混合利用倡导不同使用性质/功能用地的混合布局,是提高经济发展活力与土地利用集约度的重要途径。当前,土地混合利用主要应用于城市用地演变与规划实践领域,伴随着城乡互动加剧,城乡界限趋于模糊,经济发达地区的农村居民点用地内部结构与功能逐渐多样化,也呈现显著的混合利用特征。基于此,尝试将土地混合利用应用到农村居民点用地演变与规划中,在回顾土地混合利用理论及其应用的基础上,按照“内涵特征—定量测度—驱动机理—实践路径”的逻辑思路,对经济发达地区的农村居民点用地混合利用进行系统解析,并以天津都市郊区的姚村为例实证本文提出的研究框架,在理论上丰富农村居民点用地转型的内容与方法,在实践中为编制村庄规划、助推乡村振兴提供科学支撑。     

常熟乡村生活垃圾治理研究

通过调研和咨询,研究了常熟市乡村生活垃圾的产量、组成、收集处理和管理模式等。调查表明,常熟市乡村人均生活垃圾日产生量为1.11 kg,主要垃圾成分的占比顺序为厨余>塑料>纸类>布类,其中厨余垃圾约占70%。常熟市乡村垃圾治理采取"组保洁、村收集、镇转运、市处理"的收运处理模式,并因地制宜采用焚烧发电的终端处理方式,在管理方面强化"统一规划、保障资金、监督管理、宣传推广"。由于技术和管理体系较为完善,常熟市乡村垃圾治理达到或接近发达国家水平。但当前常熟市乡村垃圾治理仍存在无区别对待、混合式收集、过度离域处理的问题。结合常熟市实际情况,建议从因地制宜、源头分类、原位处理等方面进行完善,并依据村落类型,提出了两种改进策略。     

农村污水治理政府组织实施模式创新研究——以县域为基本单元

目前,中国农村污水治理面临体制机制障碍和政府组织实施等诸多难题.县域是具备财政统筹和政策制定能力的最基本行政区划,以县域为基本单元组织实施农村污水治理具有必要性和可行性.为此,需要厘清县级政府及其职能部门组织实施责任,注重农村污水处理工程设计管理、工程施工管理、工程资金管理以及农村污水处理工程的长效运行管理.这种“过程管理”,能够解决农村污水治理的组织实施难题,改善农村地区水环境和卫生状况,促进农村经济和社会可持续发展.     

江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理现状及对策研究

基于对江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施的全面调研,统计分析了江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施现状,包括建设数量、建设规模、处理工艺、运维模式、经费来源等,探讨了江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施存在的问题并提出建议。结果表明：目前江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施以中小规模(<100 t/d)为主,主要采用生物生态耦合处理技术,出水一般执行(GB 18918-2002)《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级B标准,以属地管理的运维模式为主。应加快制订符合江苏省太湖流域的农村生活污水处理设施建设标准,并形成责任主体明确、监管制度完善、资金投入有保障的长效稳定运行体制。     

天津市海洋环境风险综合评价研究

评价结果显示:天津海域总体上处于中低风险态势,中低风险海域面积分别约占海域面积的59.18%和24.90%;高风险海域占海域面积的比例为15.92%,碎片化地分布于近岸的汉沽大神堂牡蛎礁海洋特别保护区、北塘旅游区、大港湿地、天津港、南港工业区等敏感或重点海域.评价成果可为天津海洋环境风险管控、海域资源使用配置、海洋环境保护规划等提供有益借鉴.     

Farmers as modern-day stewards and the rise of new rural citizenship in the battle over land use

A decade ago, scholars such as Michael Woods suggested that mobilisation in response to development in rural spaces was the result of a redefinition of relations between individuals, communities and the State. This remains true with the rural representing a contested site characterised by debates concerning food and fibre, water and energy security. With the recent deployment of new energy technologies in areas traditionally used for agricultural production, increased confrontation and resistance over land use has forged unlikely alliances between farmers, environmentalists and concerned others, ultimately leading to the rise of a new form of rural citizenship. In the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) where resistance to burgeoning coal seam gas operations has become the customary response of many rural communities, environmentalists and concerned others are mobilising in support of farmers, who self-identify as modern-day stewards and are actively working to protect a resource hierarchy of water, land and soil against industries believed to be putting these at risk. Adopting a qualitative case-study approach, this paper examines how residents and supporters in the regional Shire of Narrabri in NSW have responded to what many see as competing land uses. We argue that values traditionally associated with stewardship and rurality are being revalorised by citizens to actively oppose the visions of the State, which seek to prioritise extractive development over other alternate futures. We contend that this rise in rural relations represents a significant shift in the notion of citizens as “inhabitants” and presents a new and enduring form of agency.     

Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: An Integrated Systems Framework

Interest in connectivity has increased in the aquatic sciences, partly because of its relevance to the Clean Water Act. This paper has two objectives: (1) provide a framework to understand hydrological, chemical, and biological connectivity, focusing on how headwater streams and wetlands connect to and contribute to rivers; and (2) briefly review methods to quantify hydrological and chemical connectivity. Streams and wetlands affect river structure and function by altering material and biological fluxes to the river; this depends on two factors: (1) functions within streams and wetlands that affect material fluxes; and (2) connectivity (or isolation) from streams and wetlands to rivers that allows (or prevents) material transport between systems. Connectivity can be described in terms of frequency, magnitude, duration, timing, and rate of change. It results from physical characteristics of a system, e.g., climate, soils, geology, topography, and the spatial distribution of aquatic components. Biological connectivity is also affected by traits and behavior of the biota. Connectivity can be altered by human impacts, often in complex ways. Because of variability in these factors, connectivity is not constant but varies over time and space. Connectivity can be quantified with field‐based methods, modeling, and remote sensing. Further studies using these methods are needed to classify and quantify connectivity of aquatic ecosystems and to understand how impacts affect connectivity.     

Can zoning resolve nature use conflicts? The case of the Numto Nature Park in the Russian Arctic

In the Russian Arctic, nature protection is important to preserve valuable ecosystems and indigenous lifestyles against the rapidly expanding oil and gas activities. In this regard, zoning legitimately balances influential stakeholders versus weak ones, and can leverage stakeholders to exercise their rights. This study explores how various stakeholders employ zoning in the Numto Nature Park in the oil-rich Russian Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugra to advance their interests and how they use scientific information to achieve this. Through stakeholder interviews, analysis of electronic media and literature review, we conclude that a participatory and science-based zoning exercise stimulates the necessary deliberation. However, legal ambiguity, deficient law implementation and informal practices limit the zoning's potential to balance stakeholders’ interests. All the stakeholders calculatingly used scientific information to legitimize their own ambitions, activities and claims. Hence, zoning and the underlying information claims should be interpreted as both a resource and a battleground in nature-use conflicts.     

Analyzing social perception as a key factor in the management of protected areas: the case of the Sierra Nevada Protected Area (S Spain)

Protected areas cannot be considered as elements isolated from the human groups that inhabit them. Consideration of the social factor is fundamental to guarantee the success of any management model. In this sense, analyzing the perception of people who live in protected areas can be a key tool for the formulation of proposals for improving the existing models. This article explores perceptions of local residents in the Sierra Nevada Protected Area in Southern Spain and identifies the socio-demographic factors that affect these perceptions. The main objective is to generate relevant data for the protected area management team. The recommendations we can offer entail a review of the communication plan and participatory strategy considering social differences in perceptions of the local population.     

Preferred conservation policies of shark researchers

There is increasing concern about the conservation status of sharks. However, the presence of numerous different (and potentially mutually exclusive) policies complicates management implementation and public understanding of the process. We distributed an online survey to members of the largest professional shark and ray research societies to assess member knowledge of and attitudes toward different conservation policies. Questions covered society member opinions on conservation and management policies, personal histories of involvement in advocacy and management, and perceptions of the approach of conservation nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to shark conservation. One hundred and two surveys were completed (overall response rate 21%). Respondents considered themselves knowledgeable about and actively involved in conservation and management policy; a majority believed scientists have a responsibility to advocate for conservation (75%), and majorities have sent formal public comments to policymakers (54%) and included policy suggestions in their papers (53%). They believe sustainable shark fisheries are possible, are currently happening today (in a few places), and should be the goal instead of banning fisheries. Respondents were generally less supportive of newer limit‐based (i.e., policies that ban exploitation entirely without a species‐specific focus) conservation policy tools, such as shark sanctuaries and bans on the sale of shark fins, than of target‐based fisheries management tools (i.e., policies that allow for sustainable harvest of species whose populations can withstand it), such as fishing quotas. Respondents were generally supportive of environmental NGO efforts to conserve sharks but raised concerns about some NGOs that they perceived as using incorrect information and focusing on the wrong problems. Our results show there is an ongoing debate in shark conservation and management circles relative to environmental policy on target‐based natural resources management tools versus limit‐based conservation tools. They also suggest that closer communication between the scientific and environmental NGO communities may be needed to recognize and reconcile differing values and objectives between these groups.