基于 LCA 的市域尺度稻田系统温室气体排放评估方法及实证：以台州市为例

开展稻田温室气体排放量化评估，明确稻田温室气体（greenhouse gases，GHGs）排放的构成、分布及其变化趋势，是推进农业绿色可持续发展的重要前提。基于生命周期评价法（life cycle assessment，LCA），筛选集成稻田CO₂、CH₄、N₂O排放评估模型，提出市域尺度稻田GHGs排放核算框架，并量化分析2001—2017年台州市不同类型水稻GHGs排放的构成、分布及其变化趋势。结果表明：（1）水稻单位面积碳足迹呈现上升趋势，单位产量碳足迹呈下降趋势；单季稻单位面积碳足迹最高（8467 kg∙hm⁻²，以CO₂计，余同），连作晚稻单位产量碳足迹最高（1.28 kg∙kg⁻¹）。（2）2001—2017年台州市水稻田GHGs排放总量呈下降趋势，从1110.52 Gg（以CO₂计，余同）降至557.23 Gg；2017年水稻GHGs排放主要集中于温岭市（131.39 Gg）、临海市（121.64 Gg），玉环市排放量最低（9.37 Gg），早稻和连作晚稻GHGs排放主要集中在温岭市，单季稻GHGs排放集中于临海市。（3）在农资投入碳足迹构成中化肥占比最大（50.46%），单位面积碳足迹结构中CH₄占比最大（75.26%）。通过展开在市域尺度上水稻GHGs排放的核算过程，旨在为农田系统的碳排放提供更加精细化的计算方式，并为寻找更有效的碳减排路径及农田系统的可持续发展提供科学支撑。     

农村户用沼气项目的碳减排效益核算——以湖北省恩施州为例

对现有的碳减排计算模型加以改进,对于关键参数的取值大部分参考我国学者的研究成果,以湖北省恩施州为例,从甲烷利用直接减排、化石能源替代减排、甲烷泄漏碳排放和甲烷燃烧碳排放4个方面,综合核算2000-2010年农村户用沼气项目的碳减排效益.结果表明,每口沼气池的碳减排量为1.10～1.29 t·a-1,碳减排量受沼气池规格(饲养生猪数量和类型)和地区气温变化等因素影响,每口沼气池的间接碳减排量(1.07 t·a-1)是直接碳减排量(0.22 t·a-1)的4.9倍.2000-2010年恩施州年碳减排效益整体随新建沼气池数量的增加而增加,碳减排量由2000年的3.97万t·a-1上升到2010年的70.93万t·a-1；2000-2010年恩施州户用沼气项目处理畜禽粪便导致的直接碳减排总量为157.44万t,沼气替代燃煤导致的间接碳减排总量为361.82万t,甲烷燃烧导致的碳排放量为13.12万t,甲烷泄漏导致的碳排放量为89.94万t,碳减排总效益为416.20万t.     

Engaging the Recreational Angling Community to Implement and Manage Aquatic Protected Areas

Abstract: Recreational angling is a popular leisure activity, the quality of which is greatly dependent on fish abundance and well‐functioning aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic protected areas (APAs) are used to help maintain and even restore aquatic systems and their associated biota, including fish species that are popular with recreational anglers. Paradoxically, the use of APAs has been a source of much contention and conflict between members of the recreational angling community and those interested in or mandated to protect aquatic resources on the basis of the interests of multiple stakeholder groups. The angling community is concerned about the loss of fishing opportunities and effectiveness of APAs. Although it is still unclear whether establishment of APAs alone can effectively protect aquatic resources, actively including the recreational angling community in the design, implementation, and management of APAs will help ensure the values of this rather substantial user group are incorporated into aquatic conservation strategies. Conversely, the probability of increasing the sustainability of recreational angling and related economies will be greatest if recreational angler groups remain open minded to both short‐term and long‐term goals of fisheries conservation strategies, including the use of APAs.     

Terrestrial Reserve Networks Do Not Adequately Represent Aquatic Ecosystems

Abstract: Protected areas are a cornerstone of conservation and have been designed largely around terrestrial features. Freshwater species and ecosystems are highly imperiled, but the effectiveness of existing protected areas in representing freshwater features is poorly known. Using the inland waters of Michigan as a test case, we quantified the coverage of four key freshwater features (wetlands, riparian zones, groundwater recharge, rare species) within conservation lands and compared these with representation of terrestrial features. Wetlands were included within protected areas more often than expected by chance, but riparian zones were underrepresented across all (GAP 1–3) protected lands, particularly for headwater streams and large rivers. Nevertheless, within strictly protected lands (GAP 1–2), riparian zones were highly represented because of the contribution of the national Wild and Scenic Rivers Program. Representation of areas of groundwater recharge was generally proportional to area of the reserve network within watersheds, although a recharge hotspot associated with some of Michigan's most valued rivers is almost entirely unprotected. Species representation in protected areas differed significantly among obligate aquatic, wetland, and terrestrial species, with representation generally highest for terrestrial species and lowest for aquatic species. Our results illustrate the need to further evaluate and address the representation of freshwater features within protected areas and the value of broadening gap analysis and other protected‐areas assessments to include key ecosystem processes that are requisite to long‐term conservation of species and ecosystems. We conclude that terrestrially oriented protected‐area networks provide a weak safety net for aquatic features, which means complementary planning and management for both freshwater and terrestrial conservation targets is needed.     

兰州市不同季节大气微生物气溶胶粒径及分布特征研究

大气微生物对人类危害不仅与微生物气溶胶浓度和种类有关,而且大气微生物气溶胶粒径尺度大小及其分布特征也是重要的影响因素.在兰州市城关区选取不同环境功能区对其室外大气微生物气溶胶粒径(D,μm)大小及分布特征进行研究,结果表明,不同环境功能区大气细菌、霉菌和放线菌气溶胶粒度分布特征存在季节性分布差异,其中大气细菌气溶胶粒径...     

代际差异视角下农民工乡城迁移与宅基地退出影响因素分析——基于推拉理论的实证研究

在2011年天津市农民工调查数据的基础上,本文借鉴推拉理论重新梳理影响农民工城乡迁移与宅基地退出意愿的因素,建立了农民工宅基地退出影响因素的推拉分析框架,并通过实证研究析出和显化在不同代际农民工城乡迁移和宅基地退出过程中起关键作用的因素。研究发现:在推力因素方面,对第一代农民工宅基地退出意愿产生较大影响的因素主要是年龄、受教育程度、宅基地在住房养老中的作用、供养系数和对农村基础设施满意程度;对新生代农民工宅基地退出意愿产生较大影响的因素主要有性别、教育程度、供养系数和对农村基础设施满意程度。在拉力因素方面,对第一代农民工宅基地退出意愿产生较大影响的因素主要是有无专业培训经历或证书、是否签订劳动合同、区位、单位性质和外出务工时所利用的方式;对新生代农民工宅基地退出意愿产生较大影响的因素主要是有无专业培训经历或证书、是否签订劳动合同、区位、单位性质、外出务工时所利用的方式和是否同城里的人交过朋友。在此基础上,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Study on Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Eco-areas

Abstract

The vulnerable eco-area is one of the important research targets in the field of sustainable development. It is the requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way that we should study more on the vulnerable eco-areas, deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, speed up the economic development in these areas and increase the living standard of the local people. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of environment—economy coordination, on the basis of the recognition of eco- environment features and social economic conditions in the vulnerable eco-areas of China, in view of the progress in sustainable development studies of the vulnerable ones, taking the transitional areas of farming and pasturing in northeast China as an example to study the regional environment vulnerability.     

Analysis on Temporal and Spatial Changes and Driving Forces of Poverty-Stricken Areas in Hebei Province

Abstract

This paper takes poverty-stricken county as the basic unit, and selects net income per peasant to study the poverty status in Hebei Province during 1986–2000. Temporal and spatial changes of poverty-stricken areas are analyzed. The result shows that poverty-stricken areas in Hebei Province distributed concentratedly and the areas decreased during 1986–2000, the net income per peasant was on the rise with an increasing speed in off-poverty counties being slightly higher than that in poverty-stricken counties, but the growth rate was extremely unstable, rising slowly in off-poverty counties while dropping in poverty-stricken counties. The main driving forces that influenced temporal and spatial changes were economic development of the whole province, ecological environment quality, infrastructure conditions and radiation of the key city. On this basis, some anti-poverty countermeasures suitable to local conditions are proposed.     

Impacts of Social and Demographic Factors on Residents’ Subjective Well-being in Rural China

Abstract

The objective of social development is to construct a harmonious society. In China, the key to a harmonious society is the happiness of more than 900 million farmers living in the rural areas. This study aimed to measure rural residents’ subjective well-being (SWB) through the day reconstruction method, as well as to analyze SWB’s influencing factors through a variety of statistical methods. The results showed that the average U index was 12.79%, indicating that respondents were unhappy 12.79% of the time. Twenty-seven percent of the population had a U index greater than 0, with the average value being 47%, indicating that these people were unhappy 47% of the time. The study also found that SWB varied according to the characteristics of the respondents. Logistic regression analysis showed that social and demographic factors, including age, education, county, household size, generation number, per capita income, migration status and social networking, which significantly affected rural residents’ SWB. The size of the impact varied with the different factors.     

城市水环境控制单元污染物入河量估算方法

在资料不全且无法进行试验的地区,为了估算污染物进入目标水体的负荷,需要充分利用易获得的数据.使用污染源普查数据和土地利用数据,同时考虑距离对污染物入河过程的影响,来估算水环境控制单元内的污染物入河量.大辽河水环境控制单元营口段是以城区污染为主的城市水环境控制单元,以大辽河水环境控制单元营口段为例估算控制单元内污染物入河量,并进行分析.结果表明使用污染源普查数据和土地利用数据,在根据距离考虑入河系数的情况下能够较准确的估算出污染物入河量,可以为后期进行水环境容量核定工作提供基础数据,同时为城市规划管理者提供制定减排政策的依据.