中国农村生活垃圾管理模式探讨——三级分化 有效治理农村生活垃圾

针对农村生活垃圾及其处理的特点，为降低难度更有效地处理好农村生活垃圾，提出了对农村生活垃圾进行三次分化。用不同措施分别处理不同特点的农村生活垃圾，从而使其处理难度和费用最小化。首先分类收集作为基础，按不同类别对农村生活垃圾进行收集；其次，分离出产生源集中、规模较大和成分较单一的乡镇街道、畜禽养殖场和乡村企业等三类农村垃圾进行专门管理；最后依据有机垃圾的不同特点，分成农业主导型、非农业主导型和城郊型三类区域进行专门的垃圾处理。     

农村社区更新理念、模式及其立法

首先从农村社区更新的内涵出发 ,阐述了从传统发展观念到可持续发展观念过程中人类社会的理念所经历的3个阶段 ,从而认为实施可持续发展战略是农村社区更新的强大推动力 ;继而提出农村社区更新的4条基本原则 ,分析归纳了农村社区更新两类4种模式 ,指出当前农村社区更新工作的重点 ,最后阐述了农村社区更新的立法问题 ,包括立法原则 ,立法的管理对象、管理目标及管理内容 ,立法模式及框架等     

Effect of Weekend Road Traffic on the Use of Space by Raptors

Abstract:  The traffic load near large cities may show dramatic cyclical changes induced by weekend tourism, and this could induce cyclical changes in the activity patterns of wildlife. We studied a 19-km-long section of a road that crossed a high-use raptor area near a large city in Spain. We observed 18 raptor species along this segment of the road, including some threatened species, such as the Spanish Imperial Eagle ( Aquila adalberti ). The number of cars increased dramatically on Saturdays and Sundays, so we assessed the effect of varying traffic loads on raptor behavior by recording all birds of prey as close or distant to the road during working days and weekend days. On weekends, the occurrence of Spanish Imperial Eagles and vultures decreased near the road. The occurrence of other species did not change between working days and weekend days. The activity decrease on weekends by Imperial Eagles and other large raptors suggests that there are weekly cycles in raptor activity. Weekly cycles in wildlife caused by human activity are a source of concern in conservation biology.     

农村环境质量区划原则及指标体系

目前工业“三废”对农村环境污染的发展趋势有所减缓，但乡镇工业对农村环境污染的比重仍在逐渐增大，污染势头继续增强。从整体上讲，农村环境质量继续恶化的趋势尚未得到有效的控制。为加强农村环境质量的管理，本文着重论述了农村环境质量区划应遵循的４条原则，以层次分析法为原理，从自然生态环境、人类开发强度、环境状况３个方面，提出由２８个指标组成的农村环境质量区划指标体系，该指标体系简便适用、易于操作，对不同层次、不同地区的具体区划具有指导意义。     

农村河流污染特点及其控制措施探讨

在对农村河流污染特点进行分析的基础上,对如何有效控制农村河流污染的措施进行了一定的探讨,提出规划在前、政府重视、发动群众、综合整治、循环利用、结合特点、区别对待、建立制度、长效管理的农村河流保护措施。     

The Northwest Forest Plan as a Model for Broad-Scale Ecosystem Management: a Social Perspective

Abstract:  I evaluated the Northwest Forest Plan as a model for ecosystem management to achieve social and economic goals in communities located around federal forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. My assessment is based on the results of socioeconomic monitoring conducted to evaluate progress in achieving the plan's goals during its first 10 years. The assessment criteria I used related to economic development and social justice. The Northwest Forest Plan incorporated economic development and social justice goals in its design. Socioeconomic monitoring results indicate that plan implementation to achieve those goals met with mixed success, however. I hypothesize there are two important reasons the plan's socioeconomic goals were not fully met: some of the key assumptions underlying the implementation strategies were flawed and agency institutional capacity to achieve the goals was limited. To improve broad-scale ecosystem management in the future, decision makers should ensure that natural-resource management policies are socially acceptable; land-management agencies have the institutional capacity to achieve their management goals; and social and economic management goals (and the strategies for implementing them) are based on accurate assumptions about the relations between the resources being managed and well-being in local communities. One of the difficulties of incorporating economic development and social justice goals in conservation initiatives is finding ways to link conservation behavior and development activities. From a social perspective, the Northwest Forest Plan as a model for ecosystem management is perhaps most valuable in its attempt to link the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of forest management by creating high-quality jobs for residents of forest communities in forest stewardship and ecosystem management work, thereby contributing to conservation.     

试论我国乡村景观的特点及乡村景观规划的目标和内容

乡村景观是指乡村地域范围内不同土地单元镶嵌而成的嵌块体，以农业特征为主，是人类在自然景观的基础上建立起来的自然生态结构与人为特征的综合体。随着城镇化进程的加快，我国乡村景观将面临着前所未有的变化。如何保护乡村景观的特色和完整性，充分挖掘乡村景观的生态和文化旅游价值，使其形成高效、完整并具有传统特色的多功能的乡村地域，是21世纪乡村可持续发展的重要任务之一。文章首先界定了乡村景观的概念和内涵，指出了我国乡村景观的主要特征；然后探讨了乡村景观规划与土地利用之间的关系，认为乡村景观规划是未来我国乡村持续发展的重要手段；最后系统地讨论了我国乡村景观规划的目标和内容。     

重庆市主要公共集会场所、交通道路和风景旅游区环境空气质量的研究

通过对满足选点标准的5个调查点和7个空气质量质控对照点，一年四个季度每季度抽样5d以上连续自动监测环境空气质量的科研性监测方式，共获取各类有效数据约20万个，从而以定量的方式确定了重庆市主要公共集会场所，交通道路和风景旅游区的环境空气质量水平。     

Risk and safety perception on urban and rural roads: Effects of environmental features,driver age and risk sensitivity

Objective: The ability to detect changing visual information is a vital component of safe driving. In addition to detecting changing visual information, drivers must also interpret its relevance to safety. Environmental changes considered to have high safety relevance will likely demand greater attention and more timely responses than those considered to have lower safety relevance. The aim of this study was to explore factors that are likely to influence perceptions of risk and safety regarding changing visual information in the driving environment. Factors explored were the environment in which the change occurs (i.e., urban vs. rural), the type of object that changes, and the driver's age, experience, and risk sensitivity.

Methods: Sixty-three licensed drivers aged 18–70 years completed a hazard rating task, which required them to rate the perceived hazardousness of changing specific elements within urban and rural driving environments. Three attributes of potential hazards were systematically manipulated: the environment (urban, rural); the type of object changed (road sign, car, motorcycle, pedestrian, traffic light, animal, tree); and its inherent safety risk (low risk, high risk). Inherent safety risk was manipulated by either varying the object's placement, on/near or away from the road, or altering an infrastructure element that would require a change to driver behavior. Participants also completed two driving-related risk perception tasks, rating their relative crash risk and perceived risk of aberrant driving behaviors.

Results: Driver age was not significantly associated with hazard ratings, but individual differences in perceived risk of aberrant driving behaviors predicted hazard ratings, suggesting that general driving-related risk sensitivity plays a strong role in safety perception. In both urban and rural scenes, there were significant associations between hazard ratings and inherent safety risk, with low-risk changes perceived as consistently less hazardous than high-risk impact changes; however, the effect was larger for urban environments. There were also effects of object type, with certain objects rated as consistently more safety relevant. In urban scenes, changes involving pedestrians were rated significantly more hazardous than all other objects, and in rural scenes, changes involving animals were rated as significantly more hazardous. Notably, hazard ratings were found to be higher in urban compared with rural driving environments, even when changes were matched between environments.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that drivers perceive rural roads as less risky than urban roads, even when similar scenarios occur in both environments. Age did not affect hazard ratings. Instead, the findings suggest that the assessment of risk posed by hazards is influenced more by individual differences in risk sensitivity. This highlights the need for driver education to account for appraisal of hazards’ risk and relevance, in addition to hazard detection, when considering factors that promote road safety.     

The effects of agricultural cooperatives on smallholder livelihoods and agricultural performance in Cambodia

Cooperatives are increasingly advocated as a means to improve incomes, livelihoods and the sustainability of smallholder farmers. This study analyzes the impact of commercial vegetable cooperative membership on smallholder agricultural performance in Cambodia. Institutional heterogeneities are considered across cooperatives and various econometric techniques are used to control for potential selection bias. The impacts of horticulture on agricultural outcomes are also analyzed. The results indicate that membership of commercial vegetable cooperatives has so far had no effect on agricultural incomes or the value or amounts of agricultural inputs. However, results indicate that membership has affected technology choice, access to credit services and information transmission through technological training. Additionally, there is evidence that horticulture, as a component of overall agricultural diversification, can augment farm income. The results suggest that much of the benefit of cooperative membership stems from the cooperative's provision of services, which might not be easily inferred from measures of member incomes.