Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years, with control of the main municipal and industrial point pollution sources and implementation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body, the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually, while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catchments. As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control, an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and management system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area. As the key technology in rural solid waste treatment, both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely benefits in efficiency, large handling capacity, high quality of the end product, as well as good economic return. Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-composting such as pathogens, high moisture content, asynchronism in the decomposition of different substrates, and low quality of the end product can all be tackled. 92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area, while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%, which prevented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after implementation of the project.     

上海新农村建设中生活污水污染现状及处理对策

概述了上海农村生活污水排放现状及对附近河道水环境造成的影响,通过分析当前农村生活污水集中处理和分散处理的利弊和条件、常用的农村生活污水就地处理技术以及归纳总结上海已投入使用就地处理技术,进一步阐述上海农村生活污水就地处理应当因地制宜、综合考虑。最后从农村环境管理和环保法律的层面,以及处理技术角度,提出了应根据建设社会主义新农村的要求和上海郊区农村当地的实际情况,进行上海郊区农村生活污水治理的总体思路。     

城市绿地结构与鸟类栖息生境的营造

城市化对城市鸟类多样性产生了诸多不利影响。城市绿地结构是鸟类栖息生境选择的重要因素之一。在分析公园面积、连通性、岛屿化等影响城市鸟类多样性的城市绿地结构特征基础上,提出通过优化绿地结构营造鸟类栖息生境的原则,探讨了保护城市自然保留地、建设环城绿化带、构建河岸带与道路绿色廊道、复层植物群落配置、特殊空间绿化等途径作为鸟类生境营造的方法。     

滇西北农村生活能源使用现状及生物质能源开发利用研究——以兰坪县和香格里拉县为例

少数民族地区农村能源建设是中国能源可持续发展的一个特殊领域,是资源节约型社会和社会主义新农村建设的重要内容。论文以滇西北的兰坪县和香格里拉县的能源使用情况作为研究对象,通过实地调查,分析了在经济仍处于贫困状态的少数民族聚居的西南山区生活能源利用的特点:兰坪县和香格里拉薪柴的使用分别达85%和98%,而以太阳能、沼气、水能为代表的可再生能源的使用仅有7.0%和1.8%,由此产生了一系列的环境问题。论文对促进现代生物质能源的开发利用提出建议:制定农村能源资源开发利用规划,健全能源政策体系,争取国际经济和技术支持等。     

民机非包容性转子失效危害防护设计研究

民用飞机的发动机转子非包容性失效给飞机的安全运行带来巨大的风险,为了将这种转子非包容性失效可能带来的危害降至最小,需要合理的评估碎片的危害水平,以及采取合理的安全预防措施。尽管在FAA(Federal Aviation Administration)用于评估碎片危害水平的UEDDAM(Uncontained Engine Debris Damage Analysis Model)软件工具中采用了加强防护设计以减少碎片危害,但是没有对具体的分析流程和碎片能量衰减的计算模型进行说明。为此,在现有的碎片危害分析方法的基础上,考虑到碎片在侵彻过程中会有能量衰减,分析了降低碎片危害的三种安全预防措施,通过对比确定了加强防护设计对于降低碎片危害的重要意义及其分析的流程。通过对飞机结构中关键区域定义的理解,明确了在飞机的不同部位需要采取不同的加强防护设计,并详细介绍了整体加强防护设计和局部加强防护设计的流程。     

西北干旱地区农宅雨水转化为可饮水技术

雨水集流工程对于解决干旱地区人民生活用水问题起着重要作用,甘肃省兰州市榆中县北山地区处于严重缺水的地区,人畜的饮用水为雨水、雪水直接沉淀后的水窖水。经过对北山饮用水进行水质检测,发现水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的规定值。通过对传统滤池进行改造并结合阳光消毒研制出了一种新型水处理器——阳光消毒-生物砂滤池(SBF)家庭水处理设备,通过生物砂滤池中微生物对雨水中污染物的氧化分解及河砂的过滤使水浊度及锰得到有效地去除,日光高温灭活和光氧化降解综合作用杀灭水中致病微生物。用SBF家庭水处理设备对雨水进行处理,水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均达到标准的规定值。     

3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水

进行了厌氧折流板反应器-垂直潜流人工湿地(ABR-VSFCW)、复合厌氧反应器-水平潜流人工湿地(HAR-HSFCW)、膨胀颗粒污泥床-人工快速渗滤系统(EGSB-CRI)3种组合工艺处理农村生活污水的研究。结果表明,在温度为10~29℃,进水COD为325.3~386.5 mg/L的条件下,3种组合工艺对COD均有较高的处理效果,当厌氧段HRT大于16 h时,3种组合工艺出水COD浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准;EGSB-CRI、HAR-HSFCW对TP的去除效果较好,出水TP浓度均达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002) 一级B标准, 且显著优于ABR-VSFCW,ABR-VSFCW出水TP浓度达到了二级标准; ABR-VSFCW、HAR-HSFCW、EGSB-CRI出水NH4+-N浓度分别为25.24~42.20、29.59~41.60和9.80~15.35 mg/L,其出水NH4+-N浓度达到了我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)二级标准;3种组合工艺对TN的去除效果无明显差异,去除率仅为23.9%~46.4%。因此,EGSB-CRI对农村生活污水的处理效果最好,HAR-HSFCW次之,ABR-VSFCW较差。     

Floristics, performance and prognosis of historical trees in the urban forest of Guangzhou City (China)

Outstanding historical trees embedded in cities constitute pertinent environmental assets, yet they are widely threatened in third-world cities. Inadequate understanding of this valuable natural-cum-cultural heritage hinders proper conservation. A case study of Guangzhou in south China evaluated floristic composition, age profile and biomass structure of historical trees, assessed their performance in major habitats (institutional, park and roadside), and established a prognosis for future growth and management. The 348 historical trees examined belonged to only 25 species, vis-à -vis 254 trees in the entire urban forest, dominated by five species and native members. Roadside had more trees, followed by institutional and park, with merely the most common four species shared by all habitats. The limited commonality reflected tree-performance differentiation by habitats exerting selection pressure on species. The institutional growth-regime was more conducive to nurturing high-caliber specimens, whereas park is less capable. Individual species achievement by habitats, derived from tree-count ranking and relative-abundance indices, could inform species choice and tree conservation. Few trees exceeded 300 years of age in the millennium-old city, echoing a history of intense tree—city conflicts. Potential life-span, trunk and crown diameters indicated ample opportunities for further expansion of biomass and landscape impacts, which would be straitjacketed by the tightening urban fabric.     

A Spatial Model to Estimate Habitat Fragmentation and Its Consequences on Long-Term Persistence of Animal Populations

The increasing use of the landscape by humans has led to important diminutions of natural surfaces. The remaining patches of wild habitat are small and isolated from each other among a matrix of inhospitable land-uses. This habitat fragmentation, by disabling population movements and stopping their spread to new habitats, is a major threat to the survival of numerous plant and animal species. We developed a general model, adaptable for specific species, capable of identifying suitable habitat patches within fragmented landscapes and investigating the capacity of populations to move between these patches. This approach combines GIS analysis of a landscape, with spatial dynamic modeling. Suitable habitat is identified using a threshold area to perimeter ratio. Potential movement pathways of species between habitat patches are modeled using a cellular automaton. Habitat connectivity is estimated by overlaying habitat patches with movement pathways. The maximum potential population is calculated within and between connected habitat patches and potential risk of inbreeding within meta-populations is considered. The model was tested on a sample map and applied to scenario maps of predicted land-use change in the Peoria Tri-county region (IL). It (1) showed area of natural area alone was insufficient to estimate the consequences on animal populations; (2) underscored the necessity to use approaches investigating the effect of land-use change spatially through the landscape and the importance of considering species-specific life history characteristics; and (3) highlighted the model's potential utility as an indicator of species likelihood to be affected negatively by land-use scenarios and therefore requiring detailed investigation.     

传统生存方式变迁对农村环境的影响

随着农村社会经济的发展,农户的生存方式开始逐步由传统的生存方式逐步转变为现代的生存方式。在具体的案例研究过程中,我们既可以看到传统生存方式的环境友好的一面,也可以看到传统生存方式变迁过程中农户经济行为变化对于农村环境的不利影响。与此同时,社会经济发展过程中,新的现代生产生活要素的介入,在不断使农户的生活逐步走向现代化的同时,也带来了种种环境问题。总之,农村环境问题的产生既有传统生存方式本身存在的问题,也来自于生存方式变迁过程中新的外部物质的介入,因此,对于农村环境的改善需要同时从这两方面着手,在改善农户生存方式的同时,更要从根本上控制外部的污染物质的介入。