农村水污染治理驱动因素的利益相关者识别

引入利益相关者理论对我国农村水污染治理减低污染风险的驱动因素进行了识别。通过对农村水污染系统内的利益相关者进行界定,划分了政府、农村社区居民和社会力量3个利益群体,并通过Binary Logistic回归模型对3个利益群体的驱动力进行量化分析,经实证模型检验表明,反映政府作用的考核机制(含财政投入与监管能力)、反映社会力量的社会资金投入以及反映农村社区作用的自主管理能力和居民环保投入所占比重的发生比(OR值)分别为2.248、1.725、1.525和1.236,表明政府主导对减轻农村水污染起关键作用,社会力量和农民社区自身多方发挥作用对降低农村水污染风险的影响也是显著的。     

降雨与植被耦合关系对土壤侵蚀的影响分析——以密云水库上游为例

基于TRMM降雨降雨资料时间序列数据和MODIS-NDVI16d合成产品的时间序列数据,分析密云水库上游降雨与植被的耦合关系对侵蚀的影响。结果表明：（1）侵蚀将发生在降雨强度大,同时植被覆盖差的时段,而密云水库上游地区植被的年内生长曲线形态与降雨的分布形态相似性较大,表明研究区的植被具有较好的保护水土能力;（2）研究区侵蚀主要发生在7—8月,而在1—3月以及11—12月几乎不会发生侵蚀;（3）研究区侵蚀的发生与植被覆盖有很紧密的联系,大部分的侵蚀发生在植被覆盖差的＂其他＂类内。研究方法可以清楚地了解研究区内降雨与植被的耦合关系及对侵蚀的影响,研究的结果将为在年内选择具有代表性的时段分析侵蚀状况提供很好的参考资料。     

有机磷类杀螺增效剂在土壤中的吸附行为

通过测定16个有机磷类杀螺增效剂在安徽省宿县土壤中的有机硕吸附系数（Koc),研究了该类化合物的环境行为;并用碎片分子连接性指数（FMCIs)和线性溶剂化能参数（LSERs)结构描述符,与土壤有机碳吸附系数之间进行了定量结构-性质相关（QSPR）分析,所得到的两组预测方程,可用于该类化合物的生态风险评价。     

太湖流域农村生活污水产排污系数测算

选取太湖流域典型地区9户农户(高、中、低收入水平各3户)作为研究对象,采用现场监测及入户调查的方法对农户生活污水各类污染物产排污系数进行系统定量研究。结果表明,收入水平对农户总生活污水中TN、NH4+-N、TP产污系数无显著影响,但对污水量、COD产污系数及总生活污水中各类污染物排污系数影响显著,均表现为高收入农户中收入农户低收入农户。厕所污水对污水污染总负荷贡献率极高,COD占67%以上,TN、NH4+-N、TP占84%以上,因此,厕所污水的利用与处理率是影响污染物排污系数的主导因素,而农业收入水平及化粪池类型则对这2种因素影响显著。     

进出水方式对高负荷浅层渗滤净化生活污水效果的影响

为研究农村分散住户用水不均匀和排放泵井运行不连续条件下高负荷地下浅层渗滤系统的净化效果,建立渗滤试验柱,以实际生活污水为进水,在12.5 cm.d-1日均水力负荷下,比较连续进水、间歇进水和自由排水、间歇排水对实际生活污水净化效果的影响。结果表明,各渗滤柱对NH4+-N的平均去除率均大于96%。对COD的平均去除率为41.2%～67.7%,其中采用间歇进水、间歇排水方式的渗滤柱去除率最低,但出水仍可达到GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级标准。各渗滤柱对TN的平均去除率为17.5%～37.2%,其中采用间歇进水、间歇排水的渗滤柱平均去除率最高,表明强化反硝化作用是提高脱氮效率的主要途径。对TP的平均去除率为51.0%～78.0%,其中采用连续进水、间歇排水的渗滤柱平均去除率最高,表明延长污水停留时间、增加与填料的接触面积能增强对TP的去除效果。间歇进水、间歇排水方式下,渗滤柱对COD的去除效果有所下降,但是对N、P营养盐的综合去除效果最好。     

Property-performance relationship of core-shell structured black TiO2 photocatalyst for environmental remediation

● Properties and performance relationship of CSBT photocatalyst were investigated. ● Properties of CSBT were controlled by simply manipulating glycerol content. ● Performance was linked to semiconducting and physicochemical properties. ● CSBT (W:G ratio 9:1) had better performance with lower energy consumption. ● Phenols were reduced by 48.30% at a cost of $2.4127 per unit volume of effluent. Understanding the relationship between the properties and performance of black titanium dioxide with core-shell structure (CSBT) for environmental remediation is crucial for improving its prospects in practical applications. In this study, CSBT was synthesized using a glycerol-assisted sol-gel approach. The effect of different water-to-glycerol ratios (W:G = 1:0, 9:1, 2:1, and 1:1) on the semiconducting and physicochemical properties of CSBT was investigated. The effectiveness of CSBT in removing phenolic compounds (PHCs) from real agro-industrial wastewater was studied. The CSBT synthesized with a W:G ratio of 9:1 has optimized properties for enhanced removal of PHCs. It has a distinct core-shell structure and an appropriate amount of Ti³⁺ cations (11.18%), which play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of CSBT. When exposed to visible light, the CSBT performed better: 48.30% of PHCs were removed after 180 min, compared to only 21.95% for TiO₂ without core-shell structure. The CSBT consumed only 45.5235 kWh/m³ of electrical energy per order of magnitude and cost $2.4127 per unit volume of treated agro-industrial wastewater. Under the conditions tested, the CSBT demonstrated exceptional stability and reusability. The CSBT showed promising results in the treatment of phenols-containing agro-industrial wastewater.     

厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜技术处理农村污水

通过模拟农村生活污水水质和间歇进水特点,利用“厌氧-局部循环供氧生物膜”技术,研究该工艺对有机物、氮、磷的去除效果.厌氧池和局部循环供氧池有效容积比为1∶1.6,曝气装置位于局部循环供氧池中间底部,环形导流板将局部循环供氧池分隔成中间好氧区和四周缺氧区,斜管沉淀池前置到厌氧池与局部循环供氧池之间,出水端设置循环水池.装置连续稳定运行12个月,平均进水量为140 L/d,生物反应区HRT为1.3d.监测结果表明,出水COD、BOD、NH3-N、TN和TP平均浓度分别在40.31、3.38、2.69、11.98和0.75 mg/L,达到了国家城镇污水处理厂污染物排放指标(GB-18918-2002)中的一级排放标准.研究表明,厌氧-局部循环供氧技术是一种适合农村分散污水处理的新工艺,可有效减轻农业面源污染.     

The relationships between mercury and selenium in plankton and fish from a tropical food web

Background, aim, and scope  Selenium (Se) has been shown to reduce mercury (Hg) bioavailability and trophic transfer in aquatic ecosystems. The study of methylmercury (MeHg) and Se bioaccumulation by plankton is therefore of great significance in order to obtain a better understanding of the estuarine processes concerning Hg and Se accumulation and biomagnification throughout the food web. In the western South Atlantic, few studies have documented trace element and MeHg in fish tissues. No previous study about trace elements and MeHg in plankton has been conducted concerning tropical marine food webs. Se, Hg, and MeHg were determined in two size classes of plankton, microplankton (70–290 μm) and mesoplankton (≥290 μm), and also in muscle tissues and livers of four fish species of different trophic levels (Mugil liza, a planktivorous fish; Bagre spp., an omnivorous fish; Micropogonias furnieri, a benthic carnivorous fish; and Centropomus undecimalis, a pelagic carnivorous fish) from a polluted estuary in the Brazilian Southeast coast, Guanabara Bay. Biological and ecological factors such as body length, feeding habits, and trophic transfer were considered in order to outline the relationships between these two elements. The differences in trace element levels among the different trophic levels were investigated. Materials and methods  Fish were collected from July 2004 to August 2005 at Guanabara Bay. Plankton was collected from six locations within the bay in August 2005. Total mercury (THg) was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS) with sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. MeHg analysis was conducted by digesting samples with an alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution followed by dithizone-toluene extraction. MeHg was then identified and quantified in the toluene layer by gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Se was determined by AAS using graphite tube with Pin platform and Zeeman background correction. Results and discussion  Total mercury, MeHg, and Se increased with plankton size class. THg and Se values were below 2.0 and 4.8 μg g⁻¹ dry wt in microplankton and mesoplankton, respectively. A large excess of molar concentrations of Se in relation to THg was observed in both plankton size class and both fish tissues. Plankton presented the lowest concentrations of this element. In fish, the liver showed the highest THg and Se concentrations. THg and Se in muscle were higher in Centropomus undecimalis (3.4 and 25.5 nmol g⁻¹) than in Micropogonias furnieri (2.9 and 15.3 nmol g⁻¹), Bagre spp (1.3 and 3.4 nmol g⁻¹) and Mugil liza (0.3 and 5.1 nmol g⁻¹), respectively. The trophic transfer of THg and Se was observed between trophic levels from prey (considering microplankton and mesoplankton) to top predator (fish). The top predators in this ecosystem, Centropomus undecimalis and Micropogonias furnieri, presented similar MeHg concentrations in muscles and liver. Microplankton presented lower ratios of methylmercury to total mercury concentration (MeHg/THg) (34%) than those found in mesoplankton (69%) and in the muscle of planktivorous fish, Mugil liza (56%). The other fish species presented similar MeHg/THg in muscle tissue (of around 100%). M. liza showed lower MeHg/THg in the liver than C. undecimalis (35%), M. furnieri (31%) and Bagre spp. (22%). Significant positive linear relationships were observed between the molar concentrations of THg and Se in the muscle tissue of M. furnieri and M. liza. These fish species also showed significant inverse linear relationships between hepatic MeHg and Se, suggesting a strong antagonistic effect of Se on MeHg assimilation and accumulation. Conclusions  Differences found among the concentrations THg, MeHg, and Se in microplankton, mesozooplankton, and fishes were probably related to the preferred prey and bioavailability of these elements in the marine environment. The increasing concentration of MeHg and Se at successively higher trophic levels of the food web of Guanabara Bay corresponds to a transfer between trophic levels from the lower trophic level to the top-level predator, suggesting that MeHg and Se were biomagnified throughout the food web. Hg and Se were positively correlated with the fish standard length, suggesting that larger and older fish bioaccumulated more of these trace elements. THg, MeHg, and Se were a function of the plankton size. Recommendations and perspectives  There is a need to assess the role of selenium in mercury accumulation in tropical ecosystems. Without further studies of the speciation of selenium in livers of fishes from this region, the precise role of this element, if any, cannot be verified in positively affecting mercury accumulation. Further studies of this element in the study of marine species should include liver samples containing relatively high concentrations of mercury. A basin-wide survey of selenium in fishes is also recommended.     

山海关区农村生态环境状况及保护对策

从山海关区农村生态环境现状出发,客观分析了农村生态环境存在的水体污染、土壤污染、水土流失等问题,以及影响农村生态环境的主要因素,如污水和垃圾的无组织排放、化肥和农药的不合理使用、基础设施差、监管缺位等,提出应从环保体制、环保意识、基础设施建设、自然资源保护、污染防治、强化监管等方面采取切实可行的措施,保护农村生态环境。     

关于“十四五”土壤、地下水与农业农村生态环境保护的思考

净土保卫战和农业农村污染治理攻坚战是污染防治攻坚战的重要组成部分。本文对"十四五"及今后一个时期土壤、地下水和农业农村生态环境保护总体形势进行了分析,研究提出"十四五"目标指标、重点任务和政策措施的建议,提出坚持问题导向、目标导向,坚持分类施策、精准治污,以解决人民群众关心的突出环境问题为重点,实施一批源头预防、风险管控、治理修复重大工程,推进土壤、地下水和农业农村生态保护治理体系与治理能力现代化,为美丽中国建设提供坚实保障。