有机化改性海泡石对六六六吸附性能的探讨

分别采用阴阳离子表面活性剂对海泡石进行有机化改性处理,并对改性海泡石进行了吸附六六六实验.结果表明,未经有机化改性的海泡石对六六六各异构体去除能力由小到大依次为:γ-六六六(12.66%)、δ-六六六(12.79%)、α六六六(17.35%)、β-六六六(33.57%).经DOSO3Na有机化改性的海泡石对六六六各异构体的去除能力由小到大依次为:β-六六六、γ δ-六六六、α-六六六.经CTMAB有机化改性的海泡石对六六六各异构体的去除能力由小到大依次为:β-六六六、α-六六六、γ δ-六六六.有机化改性海泡石使体系中β-六六六大幅度增加,可能为有机化海泡石催化α、γ、δ各异构体向β异构体转化.     

三阶段温度控制堆肥接种法对有机氮变化规律的影响

利用原生生活垃圾,通过三阶段温度控制技术进行堆肥试验,探讨在堆肥过程中有机态氮组分的动态变化规律.结果表明,全氮、酸水解有机态氮、氨基酸态氮均在堆肥的前期呈明显的下降趋势,呈较好的相关性.与CK（对照组）处理相比,在堆肥的后期,三阶段温度控制堆肥酸水解有机态氮、氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及酸解未知态氮含量呈不同程度的上升趋势,增加幅度依次为：10.67%、16.17%、7.17%、22.44%.表明三阶段温度控制技术能减少堆肥中氮素的损失,堆肥产品施入土壤后,可提高土壤的供氮潜力.     

氯碱企业生产过程中的重大危害分析及对策

分析了氯碱企业生产过程中的重大危害为中毒和火灾爆炸,提出了相应的对策.     

2008年南黄海西部浒苔暴发区有机碳的分布特征及浮游植物的固碳强度

根据2008-08-09～2008-08-13在南黄海西部绿潮(浒苔)暴发区取得的溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和颗粒氮(PN)的分析数据,结合同步获得的水文环境要素资料,研究了该区域有机碳的分布特征、来源、影响因素以及浮游植物的固碳强度.结果表明,DOC的浓度范围为1.55～3.22mg/L,平均值为2.44mg/L;POC的浓度范围为0.11～0.68mg/L,平均值为0.27mg/L.DOC与POC的分布特征基本一致,呈现近岸高,外海低;表层高,底层低的趋势.POC与TSS的相关分析表明,POC与TSS整体上呈显著正相关,表明TSS的浓度和来源是控制POC浓度高低的重要因素.通过建立POC与PN的一元线性回归模型,估算了样品中PIN的含量.扣除样品中PIN的影响后,沿岸大部分海域POC/PON的平均值8,结合POC/Chl-a比值,表明沿岸海域POC主要是海洋有机质来源,并且存在降解有机物,这可能是调查期间处于绿潮暴发后期,部分浒苔开始腐烂被降解所致.应用初级生产力估算的浮游植物固碳强度的结果表明,南黄海西部绿潮(浒苔)暴发区浮游植物的固碳强度变化范围为167～2017mg/(m2·d),平均为730mg/(m2·d),该区域日固碳量达到2.95×104t.换算至整个黄海,日固碳量为28.03×104t.     

巢湖周围池塘氮、磷和有机质研究

巢湖周围池塘众多,根据池塘位置和地表径流补给差异,池塘可以分为村庄内池塘、毗邻村庄池塘和农田区域池塘(远离村庄的池塘).本研究采集了巢湖周围136口池塘上覆水和沉积物样品,调查巢湖周围池塘中氮、磷以及有机质污染现状.结果表明,池塘上覆水中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、溶解态磷和COD平均含量分别为2.53、0.65、0.18、0.02、0.97、0.38和51.58mg·L-1;池塘沉积物中总氮、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、无机磷、有机磷和烧失量平均含量分别为1575.36、35.73、13.30、2.88、933.19、490.14、414.75mg·kg-1和5.44%;90%以上的池塘总氮、总磷含量达到或超过富营养化水平.位于村庄内的池塘上覆水和沉积物中总氮和氨氮的含量显著高于位于农田区域的池塘.上覆水和沉积物中无机氮表现为:氨氮硝态氮亚硝态氮.池塘上覆水和沉积物中有机质与总氮、总磷之间存在显著的正相关性.池塘中氮、磷和有机物质主要为陆源性输入,池塘位置和径流补给方式明显影响其中的氮、磷和有机质含量.通过截留径流中的氮、磷和有机质,池塘能够有效减少进入巢湖的营养盐含量.     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

The recycling cycle of materials as a design project tool

Currently, a large number of companies consider recycling of materials as an opportunity to maximize profits and to reduce the environmental impact generated by these materials after they are disposed. However, there is also a strong constraint on the use of recycled materials mainly due to the lack of technical/scientific information, which would relate their physical properties to their recycling cycle. This information should be used in the initial phase of the product design to serve as reference for the simulation of a project to point out the physical properties obtained from recycling the Projected material (Pm). Thus, it would be possible to foresee some recycling strategy to keep the good characteristics of recycled materials by encouraging their use, regardless of the product to be designed.Therefore, the Recycling Cycle of Materials (RCM) is a tool that provides scientific/technical support in the selection of materials. It uses the information related to the physical properties of the Pm as a parameter for product design after five recycling cycles. For the case study, this tool has been applied to obtain the basic material of ABS/PC blend. Subsequently, this blend was evaluated using DSC, FTIR, traction and impact methods to obtain delimiting data for the definition of the mechanical properties resulting from the application of RCM.     

青岛大气气溶胶中氨基化合物的分布特征

氨基化合物是大气气溶胶和雨水中常被检出的一类有机氮化合物,由于其可作为生物生长直接的氮源,因此可能对海洋生态系统产生直接作用.利用2008年1～12月在青岛采集的66个总悬浮颗粒物样品,采用邻苯二甲醛/N-乙酰-L-半胱氨酸柱前衍生高效液相色谱法,分析了其中溶解态(DAC)和颗粒态氨基化合物(PAC)的浓度.气溶胶中DAC浓度为2.4～40.9nmol·m-3,在春季最高,夏季次之,秋季、冬季最低.PAC浓度为0.7～76.1nmol·m-3,呈现春季冬季秋季夏季的变化趋势.不同季节氨基化合物的组成不同.依据气团的后向轨迹,气溶胶样品可分为受北方陆源、南方陆源和海洋源影响,DAC和PAC在受南方陆源影响的气溶胶中浓度最高,北方陆源次之,海洋源气溶胶中最低.不同来源的气溶胶中氨基化合物的组成不同,蛋白质类氨基化合物对总氨基化合物的贡献在海洋源气溶胶中最高,在南方源气溶胶中最低.     

羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸的差异分析

应用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原的生态系统呼吸CO2通量进行了测算,分析了生态系统呼吸的影响因素,比较了2种草原生态系统呼吸的差异并分析了产生差异的原因.观测期间羊草草原生态系统呼吸CO2通量平均为(12.03±2.10)mg·(m2·min)-1,显著低于贝加尔针茅草原[(20.09±4.41)mg·(m2·min)-1];而羊草草原生物量显著大于贝加尔针茅草原(p0.001).羊草草原和贝加尔针茅草原生态系统呼吸都与温度(箱内气温、5cm和15cm地温)具有显著的指数函数关系.通过偏相关分析发现,在地温作为控制变量时,生态系统呼吸与土壤Eh、pH间不再具有显著的相关性,Eh、pH对CO2通量的影响可能是由地温变化间接引起的,而CO2通量与活体生物量呈现出了一定的相关性,与凋落物生物量无显著相关性.2种草原的CO2通量都可以用温度指数模型进行很好地模拟,基于地温的模拟效果(R2为0.568～0.639)显著好于基于箱内气温的(R2为0.323～0.426).地温是2种草原生态系统呼吸最重要的影响因素,它掩盖了地上部植物体对生态系统呼吸的影响.在该区域,土壤呼吸占生态系统呼吸比例较高,贝加尔针茅草原较高的有机质含量导致了其生态系统呼吸CO2通量较高.     

广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留现状研究

荔枝收获完毕后在广东省荔枝主产区采集208个荔枝园土壤样本,检测了9种荔枝常用农药甲霜灵、代森锰锌、多菌灵、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯、敌百虫、乐果和敌敌畏的残留含量.结果表明,农药检出率为氯氰菊酯(59.1%)多菌灵(51.0%)代森锰锌(11.1%)甲霜灵(6.7%)三氟氯氰菊酯(3.4%).乐果和敌敌畏仅在个别果园检出,溴氰菊酯和敌百虫均未检出.土壤同时检出不同种类农药果园的百分数为只检出1种农药(40.4%)同时检出2种(31.3%)未检出(18.8%)同时检出3种(8.2%)同时检出4种(1.4%).检出的7种农药中,代森锰锌残留平均含量最高达39.05μg·kg-1,氯氰菊酯次之为7.83μg·kg-1.其它5种农药平均含量为0.19～1.65μg·kg-1.整体上广东省荔枝园土壤农药残留状况较轻.