气候变化背景下人类活动对承德接坝区植被净初级生产力的影响

承德接坝区位于农牧过渡区,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.以植被净初级生产力(NPP)作为评价指标,基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型计算潜在NPP和MODIS NPP遥感影像获取实际NPP数据,利用潜在NPP与实际NPP间的差值衡量人类活动作用下NPP的大小,运用Slope趋势和变异系数法分析实际NPP、潜在NPP和人类活动作用下NPP的变化趋势及稳定性分布,并采用相关系数法分析实际NPP与年降水量和年均气温间的相关性,最终量化气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被变化的影响.结果表明,潜在NPP自西北向东南递增,其变化趋势和稳定性均为自西向东递增.实际NPP与年降水量和年均气温呈正相关区域面积占比分别是99.87%和91.66%.该区域99.85%的植被得到改善且变化稳定,主要是由气候因素和人类活动共同主导(99.71%),而植被退化完全是由人为因素所导致(0.15%).     

In vitro toxicity of particulate matter emissions from residential pellet combustion

Particulate matter emissions (PM₁₀) from the combustion, in a residential stove, of two commercial brands of certified (ENplus A1) pellets, a non-certified brand and laboratory made pellets of acacia were tested for their ability to induce ecotoxic, cytotoxic, and mutagenic responses in unicellular organisms and a human cell line. Ecotoxicity was evaluated through the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. Moreover, cytotoxicity was assessed at two time points (24- and 48-hr) through two complementary techniques in order to evaluate the cellular metabolic activity and membrane integrity of human lung epithelial cells A549. The Ames test using two Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA100 and TA98) was employed to assess the mutagenic potential of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction extracted from the PM₁₀ samples. Results obtained with the bioluminescent bacteria indicated that only particles from the combustion of acacia pellets were toxic. All samples induced impairment on the A549 cells metabolic activity, while no significant release of lactate dehydrogenase was recorded. PM₁₀ emissions from acacia pellets were the most cytotoxic, while samples from both certified pellets evoked significant cytotoxicity at lower doses. Cytotoxicity time-dependency was only observed for PM₁₀ from the combustion of acacia pellets and one of the brands of certified pellets. Mutagenic activity was not detected in both S. typhimurium strains. This study emphasises the role of the raw material for pellet manufacturing on the toxicological profile of PM emissions. Alternative raw materials should be deeply investigated before their use in pelletisation and combustion in residential appliances.     

念青唐古拉山西段小冰期以来冰川变化

小冰期是指15世纪到20世纪早期之间一系列相对寒冷的气候波动阶段,研究小冰期以来的冰川规模变化,对于了解百年尺度上冰川变化及其气候指示意义具有重要意义。利用Google Earth和Arc GIS10.3研究了念青唐古拉山西段的现代冰川和小冰期冰川,统计了冰川的基本信息和小冰期以来的变化情况,分析了面积、高程、坡度和坡向因素对冰川变化的影响,探讨了平衡线高度变化的气候指示意义。结果表明:念青唐古拉山西段共发育现代冰川847条,总面积约689.71 km~2,共识别出小冰期冰川306条,总面积约746.12 km~2。小冰期以来冰川面积减少约31%,平衡线高度平均上升约58 m,冰川的面积、坡度和高程对冰川面积变化的解释率为71%,平衡线高度变化与印度季风关系密切。     

海陆风环流中海盐气溶胶对大气影响的模拟

采用WRF-CMAQ模式对2013年9月9~13日珠江口一次典型海陆风过程进行数值模拟,并进一步探讨了在此类型环流系统下,海盐气溶胶及其对大气环境的影响.结果表明：珠江口附近海风环流一般在14：00左右开始形成,17：00左右发展最旺盛,且在珠江口沿岸形成扇形风系.在海陆风环流影响下,珠江三角洲地区陆地上Na⁺浓度从17：00开始增加,次日02：00左右达到最大,10：00以后开始下降.海盐气溶胶存在明显的氯亏损现象,其中白天的氯亏损情况远比晚上严重,细粒径的氯亏损情况比粗粒径严重.设置有无海盐气溶胶排放的敏感性试验进行对比研究发现：考虑海盐排放后,珠江口地区HCl,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-的浓度均有增加,其中,HCl和NO₃^-的增加较多,SO₄^2-较少.HCl浓度增加的高值在Cl^-高值之前;SO₄^2-浓度变化主要受海盐气溶胶排放中的硫酸盐组分影响;NO₃^-浓度变化则主要受氯亏损机制和NO₃^-干沉降过程共同影响.     

海上溢油指纹鉴别技术现状及展望

简要回顾了海上溢油污染概况,介绍了国内外溢油鉴别方法:气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、荧光光谱法、红外光谱法等,指出了未来海上溢油指纹鉴别技术的发展方向。     

铝合金牺牲阳极深海应用性能研究

目的评价铝合金牺牲阳极在深海环境的电化学性能。方法通过利用中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所深海试验技术和装置,原位测量三种铝合金牺牲阳极在南海1200 m深海环境的电化学性能。结果三种阳极在1200 m深海环境下的开路电位均在?1.17 V左右,工作电位在?1.11～?0.91 V范围内。1#和2#阳极的实际电容量小于2400A?h/kg,电流效率约为80%,表面存在明显的优先溶解和晶粒脱落现象,表面腐蚀产物有结壳现象发生。3#阳极的实际电容量约为2500A?h/kg,电流效率大于85%,表面微观溶解形貌相对均匀,但表面存在大面积未溶解区域,且腐蚀产物不易脱落。结论该研究结果为深海工程装备阴极保护设计提供了支撑。     

厌氧发酵处理红霉素菌渣的效能及红霉素降解规律研究

红霉素菌渣是宝贵的资源,但却含有少量的红霉素残留,潜在引发环境细菌耐药的风险,被国家定义为危险废物。文章采用厌氧发酵技术处理红霉素菌渣,拟借助微生物作用降低抗生素残留并制取生物燃气,文中考察了红霉素残留随厌氧发酵过程的降解规律。研究发现:中温(35℃)发酵、接种比为0.4、含固率为8%时,单位池容产气率最高,红霉素菌渣的厌氧发酵处理是可行的。此外,在发酵的10 d后,红霉素降解率达到94%以上,日相对降解率与发酵液pH相关,pH越小降解速率越大,pH越接近中性,降解越缓慢。同时得到其降解过程与厌氧发酵产气量无明显相关性。该文为红霉素菌渣安全资源化提供了基础数据。     

IEC 60068-2-5中辐照度和温度的解读

为了更好解读IEC 60068-2-5:2010中的辐照度和温度设定,及如何执行该标准,结合标准中对辐照度和温度设定的要求,提供具体的解决方案。建议在执行标准时,应使用日光过滤片来过滤氙灯光源,实现该标准对光源的要求。同时建议使用340 nm点控制,辐照度设定为0.60 W/m2@340 nm。对于温度的设定,建议按照标准中图2的温度上升、下降与时间的关系,对其进行设定。另外,标准中程序A的循环接近最严酷的自然条件,而程序B和程序C的循环比程序A的严酷很多。因此,一般情况下推荐程序A,对于耐候性好的材料,需要加速测试的,推荐程序B。     

一带一路背景下西部生态与绿色发展的改革与创新研究

西部地区资源开发、环境导向、经济发展等因素的制约下,西部地区的生态发展以及改革方案受到了严重的冲击,文中提出一带一路背景下西部生态与绿色发展的改革与创新方案.通过一带一路指示精神融合西部地区的特有生态水平,进行了综合分析,并根据实际的发展要求进行深入指导.对一带一路背景下西部生态与绿色发展的改革进行了详细的解读,把西部生态环境与绿色生态发展之间的矛盾进行分析,通过一带一路的思想和方针解决了现有改革中的矛盾.结合一带一路的实质路线对西部生态与绿色发展的创新进行了深入的探讨,基于"一带一路"战略带来各种促进的政策,确定了西部地区生态与绿色发展创新方向.     

Understanding the Factors That Influence Headwater Stream Flows in Response to Storm Events1

Stanfield, Les W. and Don A. Jackson, 2011. Understanding the Factors That Influence Headwater Stream Flows in Response to Storm Events. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00518.x Abstract: Headwater drainage features (first‐ to second‐order streams) are the capillaries of the landscape that, among other things, moderate the timing and volumes of water available to the riparian and aquatic ecosystems. How these features respond to summer rainfall is poorly understood. We studied how geology and an index of land use/land cover influenced peak flows following rainfall events in 110 headwater stream sites that were studied over a four‐month period during a drought year. Highest peak flows were observed in the most urbanized catchments and in poorly drained soils, but specific responses were variable depending on both geology and land disturbance. Redundancy analysis indicated that both surficial geology and land disturbance were important factors influencing peak flows under drought conditions. We conclude that responses of these headwater streams to individual storms during drought conditions are unpredictable from data collected using our methods, but increased peak flows were associated with increased urban and agricultural development, but mitigated by surficial geology. These findings demonstrate the challenges to accurately predict flow conditions in headwater streams during periods of extreme weather that concurrently have the greatest potential effect on biota. The combination of these challenges and importance of such events indicates the need to develop new approaches to study and manage these resources.