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71.
为探讨有机肥长期培肥盐渍土后土壤富里酸(FA)结构组成及土壤环境的变化特征,对黑龙江西北部盐渍土壤连续5 a采取不同施肥处理,设置CK(对照)和TR1(处理1,施用有机肥8 000 kg/hm2)、TR2(处理2,施用有机肥4 000 kg/hm2及化肥N 80 kg/hm2、P2O5 50 kg/hm2、K2O 35 kg/hm2)、TR3(处理3,施用化肥N 160 kg/hm2、P2O5 100 kg/hm2、K2O 70 kg/hm2) 4个处理组,分析土壤中富里酸荧光光谱特征的变化情况. 结果表明:与CK比较,TR1、TR2处理可明显增加土壤中ρ(富里酸),增幅分别为98.24%、72.16%;二维荧光参数分析显示,各处理下富里酸腐殖化程度均表现为TR1>TR2>TR3>CK;三维荧光光谱区域积分比值分析结果进一步证实,TR1、TR2处理通过增加可见区类富里酸的荧光响应比值和减少紫外区类富里酸的荧光响应比值来提高富里酸的腐殖化程度. 根据三维荧光光谱结合平行因子分析结果,可将富里酸分为C1组分(生物可利用富里酸组分)、C2组分(陆生来源富里酸组分)及C3组分(类蛋白组分);施用有机肥主要增加C1组分的比例,其次为增加C2组分的比例,说明施用有机肥可提高盐渍土供肥能力,对盐渍土生态环境改善具有积极作用. 传统荧光图谱解析手段结合统计分析结果显示,施用有机肥可明显提高盐渍土富里酸含量并增加其腐殖化程度. 相似文献
72.
Jiang Li Yunguo Liu Pingyang Zhang Guangming Zeng Xiaoxi Cai Shaobo Liu Yicheng Yin Xinjiang Hu Xi Hu Xiaofei Tan 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2016,28(5):40-47
Aquatic macrophytes are considered to be promising in controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms. In this research, an aqueous extract of Sagittaria trifolia tubers was prepared to study its inhibitory effect on Microcystis aeruginosa in the laboratory. Several physiological indices of M. aeruginosa, in response to the environmental stress, were analyzed. Results showed that S. trifolia tuber aqueous extract significantly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent way. The highest inhibition rate reached 90% after 6 day treatment. The Chlorophyll-a concentration of M. aeruginosa cells decreased from 343.1 to314.2 μg/L in the treatment group. The activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase and the content of reduced glutathione in M. aeruginosa cells initially increased as a response to the oxidative stress posed by S. trifolia tuber aqueous extract, but then decreased as time prolonged. The lipid peroxidation damage of the cyanobacterial cell membranes was reflected by the malondialdehyde level, which was notably higher in the treatment group compared with the controls. It was concluded that the oxidative damage of M. aeruginosa induced by S.trifolia tuber aqueous extract might be one of the mechanisms for the inhibitory effects. 相似文献
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干旱区淡水资源不足,农业用水主要依赖于含盐的浅层地下水,但长期咸水灌溉会造成土壤盐分积累,土壤环境恶化,不利于作物生长.因此,在长期淡水(0.35 dS·m-1,FW)和咸水(8.04 dS·m-1,SW)灌溉的基础上,采用等碳量设计向土壤中添加生物炭(3.7 t·hm-2,BC)和秸秆(6 t·hm-2,ST),旨在明晰生物炭和秸秆还田对盐渍化土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,咸水灌溉显著增加土壤含水量、电导率、速效磷和全碳的含量,但显著降低了pH值和速效钾的含量.生物炭和秸秆还田均显著增加土壤含水量、速效磷、速效钾和全碳的含量,但显著降低了咸水灌溉条件下的电导率值.各处理土壤优势菌门为变形菌门、放线菌门 、酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门.咸水灌溉显著增加芽单胞菌门和变形菌门的相对丰度,但显著降低酸杆菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度.在淡水灌溉条件下,生物炭还田显著降低绿弯菌门的相对丰度;秸秆还田显著增加变形菌门的相对丰度,但显著降低酸杆菌门、放线菌门 、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度.在咸水灌溉条件下,生物炭还田显著降低绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度;秸秆还田显著增加变形菌门的相对丰度,但显著降低酸杆菌门、放线菌门 、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度.LEfSe分析表明,咸水灌溉降低了土壤微生物的潜在标志物和功能数量;咸水灌溉条件下,生物炭还田增加了土壤微生物的潜在标志物和功能数量;秸秆还田增加土壤微生物的潜在功能数量;秸秆还田增加土壤微生物的潜在标志物和功能数量.RDA结果显示,土壤微生物群落和功能结构与EC1:5 、SWC和pH值显著相关.咸水灌溉会恶化土壤环境,不利于农业生产,其中EC1:5 、SWC和pH值是驱动土壤微生物群落和功能结构变化的重要因子,采用生物炭和秸秆还田可减缓盐分对土壤和作物的危害,为提高农业生产力奠定基础. 相似文献
77.
热水解预处理强化了污泥厌氧消化过程,但同时增加了微生物受游离氨抑制的风险.对比传统工艺,在有机容积负荷率1.74~4.27gVS/(L·d)条件下,研究了游离氨(FA)对热水解联合中温厌氧消化工艺性能的影响.结果表明,组合工艺甲烷产量较传统反应器提高89%~121%,有机去除率提高1.21~1.46倍.但同时导致系统中游离氨浓度达89~382mgN/L,显著高于传统工艺中37~84mgN/L的范围.游离氨毒性测试显示,传统工艺中FA浓度从43mgN/L升至84mgN/L,没有抑制解乙酸产甲烷途径,而组合工艺中FA升至264mgN/L时,表现出抑制作用,尽管厌氧菌对高浓度FA表现更强的驯化趋势.结合氮负荷试验, FA浓度与基质利用能力,解乙酸产甲烷途径抑制程度和挥发性有机酸积累的关系表明,高有机负荷条件下组合工艺效率可通过控制氮负荷优化. 相似文献
78.
With the present contribution an evaluation of the toxicity of the pure herbicide glyphosate and its commercial formulation Faena® is reported using the cladoceran Daphnia magna Strauss and the rotifer Lecane quadridentata Ehrenberg. LC50, EC50, NOEC, and LOEC values for each toxicant and for both test organisms are obtained. Regarding acute toxicity, Faena was 11-fold more toxic to L. quadridentata than pure glyphosate and slightly more toxic to D. magna (1.7-fold). Inhibition of esterase activity in L. quadridentata by glyphosate was the most sensitive end-point; the EC50 was 1500-fold smaller than the LC50. The implications of these results and their comparison with established international and national limit values for glyphosate are discussed. 相似文献
79.
Melanin is responsible for pigmentation of skin and hair. It protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation; however, its abnormal production may lead to different diseases such as hyper-pigmentation or vitiligo. Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in melanin production, therefore inhibitors of this enzyme should have broad application. Due to the adverse effects of synthetic inhibitors currently being used, the search for new inhibitors, especially natural ones, is needed. The methanolic extracts of 80 plants were tested for their tyrosinase inhibitory activities by spectrophotometry at 492?nm. The inhibition mode of effective plant extracts was determined using the Lineweaver-Burk plots. Among these plant extracts, Alhagi camelorum (camel thorn), Camelia sinensis (green tea), Cuminum cyminum (Cumin), Lawsonia inermis (henna), Quercus infectoria (masso), and Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Caucasian whortleberry) were identified as tyrosinase inhibitors with inhibitory effect of more than 50% at concentrations of 1.14?g?L?1. The inhibition mode of four newly found effective plant extracts showed that A. camelorum and V. arctostaphylos inhibit the enzyme in a competitive manner whereas L. inermis and Q. infectoria have mixed inhibitory effect. To recommend these plant extracts for hyper-pigmentation disorders and other applications, further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed. 相似文献
80.
Kazuto Sazawa Yoshiki Furuhashi Noriko Hata Shigeru Taguchi Masami Fukushima 《毒物与环境化学》2013,95(3):472-482
A micro-scale algal growth inhibition (μ-AGI) test using a common micro-plate based fluorometric detection was used to demonstrate the effects of humic substances (HSs) on the toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its oxidative decomposition products 2,5-dibromo-1,4-benzoquinone (2,5-DBBQ), 2,5-dibromohydroquinone (2,5-DBHQ), 2,6-dibromobenzoquinone (2,6-DBBQ), and 2,6-dibromophenol (2,6-DBP) to Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. The EC50 values were: EC50(TBBPA) = 7 mg L?1, EC50(2,5-DBHQ) = 7 mg L?1, EC50(2,5-DBBQ) = 19 mg L?1, EC50(2,6-DBP) = 49 mg L?1, and EC50(2,6-DBBQ) = 13 mg L?1. The toxicity of the chemicals was slightly lower in the presence of HA. The toxicity of TBBPA decomposed by a biomimetic catalytic system consisting of iron (III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (p-sulfonatophenyl) porphyrin (Fe(III)-TPPS) and KHSO5 was also evaluated using P. subcapitata and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 相似文献