滨海盐田建设对周边土壤及植被的影响

随着滨海盐业的迅猛发展,盐田的急剧扩张已经对周边环境产生了影响。通过调查盐田周边植被分布特征,分析与植被带对应的典型样地土壤理化性质的空间异质性,研究了盐田对周边土壤及植被的影响。结果表明：盐田周边的植被分布存在明显的空间异质性,在盐田周边呈带状分布,且距盐田越近,植被盖度、物种丰富度越低。土壤含盐量的空间分布在宏观上表现为距盐田越近,含盐量越高,土壤盐渍化越重。距离盐田20m处土壤含盐量平均值达8.22g·kg-1,距离盐田1000m处,土壤含盐量平均值为1.84g·kg-1,土壤含盐量显著降低,且表层土壤含盐量与采样地距盐田间的距离之间呈显著相关关系。由此可见,盐田的扩建已经显著加重了周边土壤的盐渍化程度。     

薇甘菊浸提液对福寿螺主要器官组织损伤的扫描电镜观察

采用薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha H.B.K.）的乙酸乙酯浸提液对福寿螺（Pomacea canaliculata）进行浸杀,通过扫描电镜观察福寿螺头足部、外套膜及肝脏组织的损伤状况,探讨薇甘菊化感物质对福寿螺器官组织结构的影响。经过薇甘菊质量浓度为100mg·L^-1提取液浸杀2d后,福寿螺主要器官出现了明显的组织损伤。头足部肌肉组织出现明显的杂乱丝条状并有断裂,部分有侵蚀剥落,表现为较大的组织缺损;外套膜有大量的细胞被浸润,呈疏松不整齐的结构;肝脏表面粗糙,凹凸相间的皱褶形成起伏不平的组织,其间有深浅不一的裂痕,并有侵蚀孔状损伤。扫描电镜的观察结果可为探讨薇甘菊浸提液对福寿螺的毒杀机理提供一定的依据。     

盐雾腐蚀及其试验中需要注意的几个问题分析

本文介绍了产品进行盐雾腐蚀试验的必要性,对中性盐雾试验、醋酸盐雾试验、铜盐加速醋酸盐雾试验、交变盐雾试验分别进行了描述。重点介绍了盐雾试验中需要注意的几个问题:试样预处理、试样的放置、盐溶液pH值及试验温度,并探讨了一些对应的预防措施。     

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals: Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...     

重金属污染土壤接种丛枝菌根真菌对蚕豆毒性的影响

采用盆栽实验的方法,研究了重金属（包括Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd）复合污染和接种丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）Glomus mosseae对蚕豆（Vicia faba）生长及DNA损伤的影响。结果表明,虽然接种菌根真菌对蚕豆生物量的影响并不显著,但是却显著影响植物对重金属的吸收,接种菌根真菌对蚕豆吸收4种重金属元素的作用有差异。采用单细胞凝胶电泳（single cell gel electrophoresis,SCGE）法研究接种菌根真菌对蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤的影响,与重金属吸收的结果相吻合。结果表明,接种处理可显著增加蚕豆叶片的DNA损伤程度,这与接种处理可提高植物的重金属吸收相一致。     

贵州土地复垦发展现状及其对策研究

详细分析了贵州省土地复垦的发展现状以及近年来所做的工作及成效,研究了矿山开采等活动对贵州省土地资源造成的破坏及生态危害,提出了具体的土地复垦的技术措施。为了实现能源、环境、社会、人口和经济的可持续发展,土地复垦是必然选择。     

共价接枝聚季铵盐型杀生剂的制备及工艺优化

研制了一种表面接枝的聚季铵盐型高分子杀生剂,并考察了其对水溶液中的各种菌体的杀生效果,通过对活化剂和硅胶载体的优化,确定了最佳制备方案。结果表明,可以使用价格低廉的-γ氯丙基三甲氧基硅烷代替4-溴丁酰氯作为活化剂,载体硅胶的选择范围广泛,可以采用比表面积大、价格低廉的硅胶作为载体。扫描电镜和红外光谱检测表明杀生功能基团已共价接枝到载体硅胶上。杀生性能检测表明该杀生剂可以在低浓度、短时间内降低水溶液中的大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及真菌的活菌量。显微镜观察发现,杀生剂的灭藻过程是杀生剂表面吸附(藻体)、接触、灭藻。结果表明,新型固定化高分子杀生剂具有较强的抗细菌和抗真菌的能力,对藻类也具有杀灭作用,是一种高效、广普、性质稳定的水处理杀生剂。     

Spectral characteristics of plant communities from salt marshes:A case study from Chongming Dongtan,Yangtzeestuary,China

The spectral reflectance of recently formed salt marshes at the mouth of the Yangtze River, which are undergoing invasion by Spartina alterniflora, were assessed to determine the potential utility of remotely sensed data in assessing future invasion and changes in species composition. Following a review of published research on remote sensing of salt marshes, 53 locations along three transects were sampled for paired data on plant species composition and spectral reflectance using a FieldSpec™ Pro JR Field Portable Spectroradiometer. Spectral data were processed concerning reflectance, and the averaged reflectance values for each sample were reanalysed to correspond to a 12-waveband bandset of the Compact Airborne Spectral Imager. The spectral data were summarised using principal components analysis (PCA) and the relationships between the vegetation composition, and the PCA axes of spectral data were examined. The first PCA axis of the reflectance data showed a strong correlation with variability in near infrared reflectance and ‘brightness’, while the second axis was correlated with visible reflectance and ‘greenness’. Total vegetation cover, vegetation height, and mudflat cover were all significantly related to the first axis. The implications of this in terms of the ability of remote sensing to distinguish the various salt marsh species and in particular the invasive species S. alterniflora were discussed. Major differences in species with various physiognomies could be recognised but problems occurred in separating early colonising S. alterniflora from other species at that stage. Further work using multi-seasonal hyperspectral data might assist in solving these problems.     

水污染侵权中因果关系的认定

水污染侵权中的因果关系成立与否决定着民事责任的有无,对受害人的利益影响甚巨,关于因果关系的理论纷繁复杂,水污染侵权中的因果关系认定难度更大,试图在分析各种学说的基础上找到认定水污染侵权中因果关系的可行方法。     

上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥氮磷释放的影响

采用校园水体底泥进行上覆水营养盐浓度对底泥释放量之间的关系研究。结果表明,在本实验条件下,上覆水水质影响底泥氮、磷的释放,尤其显著影响氮、磷的初期释放;上覆水氮、磷的浓度越小,底泥氮、磷的释放量越大;上覆水氮、磷的浓度超过一定值,会抑制底泥氮、磷的释放。