二氯乙腈对大肠杆菌基因表达的影响

为探究二氯乙腈(DCAN)对大肠杆菌(E.coli)基因表达的影响及相应的毒性作用,采用自组织映射(SOM)聚类及剂量效应关系分析方法考察了E.coli在不同剂量DCAN暴露120min过程中其基因表达状况.结果表明:随时间及浓度改变E.coli基因表达具有动态性;在DCAN浓度为1.429×10-3mg/L时,多个参...     

Ⅲ型储氢气瓶内胆6061-T6铝合金的氢致损伤研究进展

基于在多次循环充、放氢过程中,Ⅲ型储氢气瓶6061-T6铝合金内胆内部结构中渗入氢,从而导致性能衰减,影响气瓶服役安全可靠性,文中从氢渗透损伤、高压气体渗氢、溶液渗氢等几个方面综述了国内外开展包括6061铝在内的铝及铝合金中氢渗透行为及对铝合金拉伸力学性能、疲劳性能的影响的研究进展.简述了采用高压气体渗氢及溶液渗氢开展...     

铵盐在典型大气污染过程中的变化特征及来源分析

为了解铵盐在大气中对重污染天气生成的重要作用,于2020年12月26—29日,利用在线单颗粒飞行时间质谱(SPAMS)和在线离子色谱(MARGA),对上海浦东新区一次典型的重污染天气过程进行分析.结果表明:本次污染过程主要与静稳天气下污染物的积聚,尤其是机动车尾气排放的累计效应,以及气态污染物二次转化过程有关.PM_2.5的高污染时段通常伴随着高浓度的硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,污染过程中NO^-₃、SO■、NH⁺₄最大小时质量浓度分别达到62.3、19.3和26.0μg·m^-3.对ns-NH⁺₄(过量铵根离子物质的量浓度)-NO^-₃之间的回归分析证明,多数情况下浦东大气中氨是富余的.污染高峰时段的主要污染源为机动车尾气源(36.7%)、扬尘源(24.4%)、二次无机源(15.0%),占比升幅最高的污染源为机动车尾气源.     

改性秸秆-铝盐复合絮凝剂的制作与应用

以铝盐、作物秸秆为主要原料,用氢氧化钠、氯乙酸通过碱化和醚化对秸秆进行改性,在一定条件下与铝盐合成了一种新型的无机天然有机复合絮凝剂（定名为SPA）,研究了其对高岭土模拟废水的吸光度和浊度去除性能,并对几个主要影响因素作了考察。结果表明：SPA对该模拟废水有较好的处理效果,5 mL SPA/1 L高岭土悬液的投量就可以获得吸光度和浊度88%以上的去除率,室温即可达到最佳处理效果,且pH值适应范围广,大约为3～9。还进行了SPA和铝盐对市政污水的处理效果的对比分析,试验结果表明：对其出水的吸光度去除率、浊度去除率和SS去除率来说,SPA都比铝盐的处理效果好;SPA对COD的去除效果比铝盐略差,但是在低投量时其COD去除率为65%,可以满足污水初级处理的要求。     

含TMT的高分子整体多孔滤板去除水中铅的研究

制备含有2,4,6-三硫代三聚氰酸钠(TMT)的多孔高分子滤板,测定了该滤板对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能。讨论了溶液温度、pH值和流速对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:它对Pb2+具有较高的吸附容量和较快的吸附速度。铅离子的去除率超过90%,高分子滤板经再生实验后可循环使用。     

外源亚精胺对 As5+胁迫下水稻种子萌发和As吸收积累的影响

农田As污染对农作物生长有毒害作用,导致农作物产量降低、品质下降.研究了外源添加亚精胺(Spd)对As⁵⁺胁迫下水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,外源添加Spd能够促进As⁵⁺胁迫下水稻种子的萌发过程,提高种子的发芽势和发芽率,促进幼苗根系生长.添加Spd可以不同程度地提高As⁵⁺胁迫下水稻幼苗和根系中的抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,降低水稻幼芽和根系中的丙二醛(MDA)含量.当As⁵⁺浓度为25μmol·L^-1时,添加500μmol·L^-1和1 000μmol·L^-1 Spd使水稻根系中的MDA含量比对照处理分别降低12.3%和31.3%,水稻幼芽CAT活性分别提高105.1%和101.4%,水稻根系CAT活性分别提高29.9%和57.1%.添加Spd也影响水稻对As的吸收积累.当As⁵⁺浓度为25μmol·L^-1时,添加50...     

The combined toxicity and mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nano copper oxide toward freshwater algae: Tetradesmus obliquus

Nanoparticles(NPs) are widely used for their special physical properties and released into the natural environment. When two types of NPs exist in the same environment, the presence of one type of NP may affect the properties of the other type of NP. This study investigated the toxic effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) and copper oxide nanoparticles(Cu O NPs) on Tetradesmus obliquus. Both NPs had toxic effects on algae, and the toxic effects of MWCNTs were significantly stronger tha...     

Fe-C合金中辐照缺陷特征的剂量率效应计算模拟

目的尝试采用计算模拟方法探究剂量率对辐照微结构特征的影响,探究常温辐照下剂量率效应的机理。方法采用动力学蒙特卡罗(OKMC)方法,结合近些年第一性原理和分子动力学的计算参数,研究了常温下铁-碳体系中辐照缺陷随剂量率的变化特征。结果在较低的剂量范围(<0.01 dpa)内,间隙型位错环的密度随剂量率的增加而增加;但在较高的剂量范围内,高剂量率辐照呈现较低的间隙型位错环密度、较大的缺陷尺寸。通过比较不同剂量率下的位错线对点缺陷的吸收数目,把剂量率在不同剂量范围内的特征归结于位错吸收与缺陷复合之间的竞争。结论在较低的剂量范围内,位错吸收具有重要影响,随着剂量率的增加,位错吸收的缺陷数目显著减少;而在较高的剂量范围内,基体中间隙-空位缺陷的复合随剂量率的增加而显著增加,以至于高剂量率辐照可能产生较低的辐照硬化。文中的工作对理解剂量率效应的机理提供了一定的科学依据,为离子束模拟中子辐照提供了一定的科学参考。     

Proposed Definition of Environmental Damage Illustrated by the Cases of Genetically Modified Crops and Invasive Species

Abstract: The introduction of non‐native plant species and the release of genetically modified (GM) crops can induce environmental changes at gene to ecosystem levels. Regulatory frameworks such as the Convention on Biological Diversity or the EU Deliberate Release Directive aim to prevent environmental damage but do not define the term. Although ecologists and conservationists often refer to environmental effects of GM crops or invasive species as damage, most authors do not disclose their normative assumptions or explain why some environmental impacts are regarded as detrimental and others are not. Thus far, a concise definition of environmental damage is missing and is necessary for a transparent assessment of environmental effects or risks. Therefore, we suggest defining environmental damage as a significant adverse effect on a biotic or abiotic conservation resource (i.e., a biotic or abiotic natural resource that is protected by conservational or environmental legislation) that has an impact on the value of the conservation resource, the conservation resource as an ecosystem component, or the sustainable use of the conservation resource. This definition relies on three normative assumptions: only concrete effects on a conservation resource can be damages; only adverse effects that lead to a decrease in the value of the conservation resource can be damages; and only significant adverse effects constitute damage to a conservation resource. Applying this definition within the framework of environmental risk assessment requires further normative determinations, for example, selection of a threshold to distinguish between adverse and significant adverse effects and approaches for assessing the environmental value of conservation resources. Such determinations, however, are not part of the definition of environmental damage. Rather they are part of the definition's operationalization through assessment procedures, which must be grounded in a comprehensible definition of environmental damage.     

电子设备的安全性设计

本电子设备安全性设计的目的就是通过识别、分析、评价系统中存在的危险性,预计事故对人员、设备和环境的破坏的可能性和严重性,根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素,提出消除、减少、控制危险及危险事件的措施,以便使事故在发生之前得到控制,降低系统运行的风险。