盐雾交变试验设备的正确使用方法

本文通过对盐雾交变试验设备湿度测量方法的分析,提出正确使用方法的建议     

浅析盐雾环境对火工药剂安定性能的影响

目的 获取海洋生态环境条件下火工药剂性能变化的规律,开展火工药剂在盐雾环境中的安定性试验研究,以保障火工药剂的可靠性。方法 通过SEM成像技术和X–射线衍射技术表征2种典型起爆药叠氮化铅(Lead Azide,LA)和斯蒂芬酸铅(Lead Styphnate,LS)在盐雾试验前后微观形貌及组分的变化,并结合DSC热分析技术,从热分解动力学角度,开展火工药剂在盐雾环境影响下失效机理的研究。结果 在盐雾环境应力的影响下,LA的长柱状晶体结构发生脆化,层裂成不规则的小片状晶型,且随着盐雾试验时间的增加,LA的热分解反应峰会逐渐前移,试验后产物组分只有Pb(OH)Cl,其本质安定性显著下降。LS受盐雾环境应力的影响,其棱柱状晶体结构会层裂为小片状晶型,且部分LS分解形成Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂,导致其安定性降低。结论 2种典型火工药剂LA和LS受盐雾环境应力因素的影响,都会发生失效分解反应,与LA相比,LS在盐雾环境下具有更加稳定的安定性能。     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理,研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响,并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min,盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高,气体有机物的产生速率越快,相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段,初始阶段有机物气化速率较小,中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加,最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时,会发生一定的化学反应,有微量的新物质生成。     

麦秸强化石油烃污染耕地水浸洗盐过程及场地试验

针对油田产出水导致的含油盐污染耕地的生物强化修复,提出在土壤耕作层和主体层间填埋麦秸以强化水浸洗盐和抑制毛细返盐.结果表明,土壤中石油烃的浓度高于1.5% (质量分数)时会导致其疏水性增高而使得水浸润困难.添加5% (质量分数) 麦秸可使含油3.3%(质量分数)的盐污染土壤脱盐率从3%提高到25%,并可抑制毛细返盐.在中原油田实施了6 400　m²的现场实验,在耕作层(距地表25　cm)构建麦秸层,采用井水以及雨水进行洗盐,50 d后耕作层土壤电导率达到正常耕地水平的面积比例由17%提高到80%,Na⁺和Cl^-浓度分别从1 642.5 mg·kg^-1和1 301.2 mg·kg^-1下降到499.3 mg·kg^-1和433.8 mg·kg^-1.修复地块的小麦产量达正常耕地的72%,而对比地块仅为12%.说明添加麦秸可强化油盐混合污染耕地的水浸洗盐并抑制“毛细返盐.该方法操作便捷易行,在油盐混合污染耕地修复中具有很好的应用前景.     

提高柠檬酸钠净化甲苯废气效率的实验研究

以柠檬酸钠溶液为吸收剂,添加三种不同的添加剂在填料塔中进行了吸收法净化含甲苯有机废气的实验研究。在相同的工艺条件下,分别研究了添加柠檬酸,无机盐助剂、聚乙二醇(PEG200)以及三者的组成对柠檬酸钠吸收剂去除甲苯效果的影响。实验结果表明,当5%柠檬酸钠吸收剂分别添加柠檬酸时pH=6,无机盐0.05%硅酸钠、0.1%磷酸钠和0.1%碳酸钠,0.5%聚乙二醇时,对甲苯净化效率及吸收容量都有显著提高。当三种添加剂组合时效果更佳。     

YSZ-W复合涂层的制备及抗烧蚀性能研究

目的在TC4表面制备均匀致密的YSZ-20%(体积分数)W(ZW2)复合涂层,以提高其抗烧蚀性能,并对其在超音速燃流中的烧蚀响应机制进行初步探究。方法以8YSZ和W粉为原料,采用喷雾干燥-真空烧结工艺制备喷涂用ZW2复合粉末,利用大气等离子喷涂技术(APS)制备ZW2复合涂层,采用超音速火焰冲刷法(SCF)测试涂层的抗烧蚀性能。结果在1500℃的真空环境下烧结2 h后,ZW2复合粉末原始颗粒之间的结合方式由PVA交联结合转变为冶金结合,烧结粉末的松装密度和流动性较造粒粉末分别提升632.3%和39.8%。APS制备的ZW2涂层的孔隙率为9.5%±0.8%,经SCF考核5 s后,500μm厚的ZW2涂层可以使TC4钛合金基体免于烧蚀,仅在ZW2涂层表面形成了厚度约为30μm的ZrO2-WO3疏松顶层。结论利用APS工艺可以制备均匀致密的ZW2复合涂层,真空烧结处理提高了ZW2复合粉末的APS工艺适应性。ZW2涂层有效地提高了TC4的抗烧蚀性能,烧蚀过程中低熔点WO3的形成缓解了烧蚀过程中涂层内部的热应力,从而避免了涂层提前剥落失效。     

Fabrication and performance of PET mesh enhanced cellulose acetate membranes for forward osmosis

Polyethylene terephthalate mesh(PET) enhanced cellulose acetate membranes were fabricated via a phase inversion process. The membrane fabrication parameters that may affect the membrane performance were systematically evaluated including the concentration and temperature of the casting polymer solution and the temperature and time of the evaporation, coagulation and annealing processes. The water permeability and reverse salt flux were measured in forward osmosis(FO) mode for determination of the optimal membrane fabrication conditions. The optimal FO membrane shows a typical asymmetric sandwich structure with a mean thickness of about 148.2 μm. The performance of the optimal FO membrane was tested using 0.2 mol/L Na Cl as the feed solution and 1.5 mol/L glucose as the draw solution. The membrane displayed a water flux of 3.47 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection of95.48% in FO mode. While in pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) mode, the water flux was4.74 L/(m2·hr) and salt rejection 96.03%. The high ratio of water flux in FO mode to that in PRO mode indicates that the fabricated membrane has a lower degree of internal concentration polarization than comparable membranes.     

20L近球形容器中甲醇喷雾液滴爆炸特性实验研究*

为了评估易燃液体喷雾的爆炸风险,借助喷雾粒度仪、高速相机以及喷雾爆炸实验系统,围绕2种粒径(表面积平均粒径:2.0 μm±0.5 μm;18.0 μm±0.5 μm)的甲醇喷雾,研究点火位置和延迟时间等因素对甲醇喷雾爆炸特性的影响。结果表明:甲醇喷雾粒径均随环境温度的增加而减小,当甲醇喷雾浓度较大时,环境温度对于甲醇喷雾粒径的影响更为显著;甲醇物料温度的改变对于其粒径的影响很小。随着点火延迟时间的增大,甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数均呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在τ=120 ms时最大。受限空间内甲醇喷雾采用中心或上部点火方式,当甲醇喷雾浓度为356.4 g/m3(φ=1.8)时,甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数均取得最大值;与上部位置点火相比,中心位置点火的甲醇喷雾爆炸特性参数值较大。     

超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水

采用超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水,优化了工艺条件,并进行了尾水处理与盐分回收。实验结果表明:在超声声能密度0.08 W/mL、吹脱气量2 000 L/h、次氯酸钠溶液(有效氯10%)投加量15mL/L、反应时间20 min的最优条件下,COD、氨氮和肼类物质去除率分别达到96.97%、99.02%和96.60%,处理成本约为30元/t(以废水计);尾水经蒸馏处理后可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级B标准,回收NaCl纯度为98.92%,达到GB/T 5462—2015《工业盐》的精制工业盐一级标准。     

Macroinvertebrate and fish populations in a restored impounded salt marsh 21 years after the reestablishment of tidal flooding

During the last two decades, the State of Connecticut has restored tidal flow to many impounded salt marshes. One of the first of these and the one most extensively studied is Impoundment One in the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area in Stonington, Connecticut. In 1990, twelve years after the re-establishment of tidal flooding, the density of the marsh snail Melampus bidentatus, the numerically dominant macroinvertebrate of the high marsh, in Impoundment One was about half that in reference marshes below the breached impoundment dike. By 1999 the densities of Melampus above and below the dike were not significantly different, but the shell-free biomass was greater above the dike as a result of the somewhat larger number and size of the snails there. Twenty-one years after the renewal of tidal flooding, three marsh macroinvertebrates (the amphipods Orchestia grillus and Uhlorchestia spartinophila and the mussel Geukensia demissa) were significantly less abundant in the previously impounded marsh than in the reference marshes, whereas another amphipod (Gammarus palustris) was more abundant above the breached dike where conditions appeared to be somewhat wetter. In 1991 the fish assemblage in a mosquito-control ditch in Impoundment One was similar to that in a ditch below the breached dike; however, the common mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus appeared to be less abundant in the restoring marsh. By 1999 the number of mummichogs caught in ditches was significantly greater in Impoundment One than in the reference marsh, but the numbers of mummichogs trapped along the tidal creek were comparable above and below the dike. The results obtained in this study and those of other restoring marshes at Barn Island indicate the full recovery of certain animal populations following the reintroduction of tidal flow to impounded marshes may require up to two or more decades. Furthermore, not only do different species recover at different rates on a single marsh, but the time required for the recovery of a particular species may vary widely from marsh to marsh, often independently of other species.