熔盐法制备K+-g-C3N4及其光催化降解有机污染物性能

采用熔盐法制备了能级位置可控的钾离子掺杂石墨相氮化碳催化剂（g-C₃N₄）,并考察了其在可见光下降解罗丹明B（RhB）性能.采用XRD、UV-Vis、XPS、N₂吸附、PL、EIS等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,钾离子的引入降低了催化剂粒径尺寸,提高了比表面积,改善了光生电子-空穴对的分离效率.不仅如此,通过控制钾离子掺杂量可以实现催化剂的能级位置在一定范围内的任意调变,使有机污染物的氧化降解反应从·O₂^-单一氧化剂反应变成·OH和·O₂^-双氧化剂反应,大大提高了降解率.制备的钾离子掺杂g-C₃N₄的RhB降解速率常数达到0.022min^-1,是纯g-C₃N₄的5倍.不仅如此,通过对能级位置的调控,制备的催化剂对其他多种有机污染物如甲基蓝,苯酚等的降解率也有显著提高.     

西北地区砂岩石窟盐害特征及影响因素分析

西北地区砂岩石窟数量众多,由于岩性条件及赋存环境等原因遭受着严重的盐害。现场调查发现,盐害特征具有一定的区域性规律,采样后通过离子色谱法测试可溶盐的含量及成分,结合岩性、环境等因素分析盐害特征及成因。结果表明：陕北、陇东地区盐害发育严重,陇中、河西地区盐害相对较为轻微,仅在局部发育;石窟风化层含盐总量分布于0.11%—5.73%,各离子含量差异较大;含盐量影响盐害的宏观表现形态,含盐种类影响盐分的微观结晶形式,其中NaCl、CaSO₄结晶形式为片状盐壳,Na₂SO₄为酥粉状,KNO₃表现为絮状结晶;石窟岩体的孔隙率影响盐害发育程度,水分的迁移活动影响盐害的出露位置。研究结果可为砂岩石窟的盐害防治工作提供依据。     

模拟氯化钠盐渣的高温处理

采用高温处理法对模拟氯化钠盐渣（简称盐渣）进行处理,研究了加热过程中气体有机物产生量随加热时间的变化规律以及加热温度对气体有机物产生量的影响,并分析了盐渣的高温处理效果。实验结果表明：含苯盐渣、含异丁醇盐渣、含氯苯盐渣、含二甲苯盐渣和混合盐渣在高于盐渣中所含有机物沸点30 ℃的条件下加热120 min,盐渣中的有机物去除率均大于99.99%;混合盐渣的加热温度越高,气体有机物的产生速率越快,相同时间内有机物的去除率也越大;盐渣中有机物的气化分离可分为3个阶段,初始阶段有机物气化速率较小,中间阶段气体有机物产生量迅速增加,最后阶段大部分有机物从盐渣中气化分离;盐渣中的有机物在高温气化时,会发生一定的化学反应,有微量的新物质生成。     

超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水

采用超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水,优化了工艺条件,并进行了尾水处理与盐分回收。实验结果表明:在超声声能密度0.08 W/mL、吹脱气量2 000 L/h、次氯酸钠溶液(有效氯10%)投加量15mL/L、反应时间20 min的最优条件下,COD、氨氮和肼类物质去除率分别达到96.97%、99.02%和96.60%,处理成本约为30元/t(以废水计);尾水经蒸馏处理后可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级B标准,回收NaCl纯度为98.92%,达到GB/T 5462—2015《工业盐》的精制工业盐一级标准。     

有机膨润土吸附水中有机物的盐效应及其机理

实验室模拟研究了一系列双阳离子有机膨润土对水中不同浓度的对硝基苯酚的吸附性能.结果表明,土样有机碳含量越高,对硝基苯酚初始浓度越低,有机膨润土对其吸附性能越好.试验了多种无机盐对有机膨润土吸附性能的影响,发现盐效应与离子荷径比和膨润土改性表面活性剂有关.无机盐阳离子相同时,盐效应与阴离子荷径比成反比;无机盐阴离子相同时,与阳离子荷径比成正比.单阳离子有机膨润土的盐效应呈负效应,长短碳链比例相当的双阳离子有机膨润土的盐效应呈正效应.     

EFFECTS OF URBAN LAKES ON QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BASEFLOW1

ABSTRACT: Man-made lakes have significant impacts on the hydrologic conditions in the watershed in which they are built. This paper examines the nature of the impact upon baseflow by comparing baseflow conditions at the outlet of the lakes with those elsewhere in the watershed. Situated in the upper reaches of a small watershed, the lakes studied have only a minor effect upon the magnitude of baseflow discharge, increasing it slightly from October to January, and decreasing it from May to September. Baseflow quality is substantially affected. Natural dissolved ions, as represented by magnesium, are generally decreased in concentration and total load by the lakes. Road salt related inons are substantially increased in both concentration and total load in the baseflow. Surface runoff stored in the lakes is extremely enriched in salt in the winter, and the storage capacity of the lakes is sufficient to maintain winter salt concentrations in the baseflow near the lakes until summer. The storage effect also tends to damp out seasonal fluctuations in baseflow chloride content which are extreme in suburban watersheds. The difference in quality between the lake and non-lake baseflows and the linear distance needed for complete mixing are used as measures of the magnitude and distal extent of the lake effect on baseflow quality.     

铝盐混凝剂去除水溶液中HPAM的机理研究

本文在聚合物采油污水混凝试验研究的基础上，研究了铝盐混凝剂去除水中聚丙烯酰胺的过程与机理，通过分析铝盐作用下ＨＰＡＭ水溶液的水质组成变化，以及反应沉淀物的形态结构，提出了ＨＰＡＭ在羟基铝离子作用下的交联反应模式，并研究了铝盐的形态对ＨＰＡＭ去除的影响。为混凝技术在油田聚合物采油污水处理上的应用提供了理论依据。     

用食盐还原回收COD废水中的银

介绍了用食盐作介质，还愿回收COD废水中慢的具体方法．     

Shoreline Development Drives Invasion of Phragmites australis and the Loss of Plant Diversity on New England Salt Marshes

Abstract:  The reed Phragmites australis Cav. is aggressively invading salt marshes along the Atlantic Coast of North America. We examined the interactive role of habitat alteration (i.e., shoreline development) in driving this invasion and its consequences for plant richness in New England salt marshes. We surveyed 22 salt marshes in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and quantified shoreline development, Phragmites cover, soil salinity, and nitrogen availability. Shoreline development, operationally defined as removal of the woody vegetation bordering marshes, explained >90% of intermarsh variation in Phragmites cover. Shoreline development was also significantly correlated with reduced soil salinities and increased nitrogen availability, suggesting that removing woody vegetation bordering marshes increases nitrogen availability and decreases soil salinities, thus facilitating Phragmites invasion. Soil salinity (64%) and nitrogen availability (56%) alone explained a large proportion of variation in Phragmites cover, but together they explained 80% of the variation in Phragmites invasion success. Both univariate and aggregate (multidimensional scaling) analyses of plant community composition revealed that Phragmites dominance in developed salt marshes resulted in an almost three-fold decrease in plant species richness. Our findings illustrate the importance of maintaining integrity of habitat borders in conserving natural communities and provide an example of the critical role that local conservation can play in preserving these systems. In addition, our findings provide ecologists and natural resource managers with a mechanistic understanding of how human habitat alteration in one vegetation community can interact with species introductions in adjacent communities (i.e., flow-on or adjacency effects) to hasten ecosystem degradation.     

重金属复合污染对蚕豆性状影响的模糊聚类与性状代间分化的摄动分析

运用正交设计，经过４代的原位种植实验，获得了Ｐｂ~（２＋）、Ｃｄ~（２＋）、Ｈｇ~（２＋）、Ｚｎ~（２＋）复合污染对同一蚕豆（ＶｉｃｉａｆａｂａＬ．）种质在株高、首次开花时间、每株结豆荚数、单位豆荚豆粒数（每２０个豆荚）、种子的重量（５０粒）等数量性状的表型数据。利用模糊聚类和摄动分析方法，获得了２５种污染组合对蚕豆数量性状影响的聚类特征，考察了蚕豆代间分化的趋向。实验结果表明，重金属复会污染对蚕豆的毒害作用，不仅同元素的种类和各自的浓度有关，而且与金属离子相互之间的浓度比例密切相关；对于连续种植的蚕豆，其对金属污染的性状变化因世代条件不同而有差异，Ｐｂ~（２＋）、Ｃｄ~（２＋）、Ｈｇ~（２＋）污染条件下，随着代数的推移，性状逐步向正常条件下的数值方向恢复，而Ｚｎ~（２＋）仅在第二代时表现出毒害。本文还讨论了利用植物反应衡量污染物的毒性问题。