Dilution sampling and analysis of particulate matter in biomass-derived syngas

Thermochemical biomass gasification, followed by conversion of the produced syngas to fuels and electrical power, is a promising energy alternative. Real-world characterization of particulate matter (PM) and other contaminants in the syngas is important to minimize damage and ensure efficient operation of the engines it powers and the fuels created from it. A dilution sampling system is demonstrated to quantify PM in syngas generated from two gasification plants utilizing different biomass feedstocks: a BioMax^?15 Biopower System that uses raw and torrefied woodchips as feedstocks, and an integrated biorefinery (IBR) that uses rice hulls and woodchips as feedstocks. PM_2.5 mass concentrations in syngas from the IBR downstream of the purification system were 12.8–13.7 μg·m^-3, which were significantly lower than the maximum level for catalyst protection (500 μg·m^-3) and were 2–3 orders of magnitude lower than those in BioMax^?15 syngas (2247–4835 μg·m^-3). Ultrafine particle number concentration and PM_2.5 chemical constituents were also much lower in the IBR syngas than in the BioMax^?15. The dilution sampling system enabled reliable measurements over a wide range of concentrations: the use of high sensitivity instruments allowed measurement at very low concentrations (~1 μg·m^-3), while the flexibility of dilution minimized sampling problems that are commonly encountered due to high levels of tars in raw syngas (~1 g·m^-3).     

深孔定点快速取样技术在瓦斯含量测定中的应用效果考察

煤层瓦斯含量是煤与瓦斯突出矿井区域措施效果检验的重要参数之一,而目前我国大多数突出矿井采掘工作面经预抽煤层瓦斯后进行瓦斯含量测定时,采用孔口接粉的方式采集煤样,往往导致采样时间不满足相关标准要求,测定结果的准确性和可靠程度偏低。基于此现状,开发研制了深孔定点快速取样装置,通过在河南某矿己15煤层24080回采工作面区域措施效果检验中的考察试验,与孔口接粉的取样方法进行了对比,考察结果表明,深孔定点快速取样时间小于5 min ,上向孔最大取样深度达93 m、下向孔最大取样深度达75 m ,实现了回采工作面大孔深快速取样,基于深孔定点快速取样的瓦斯含量测定结果的准确性和可靠性更高。     

Analysis of welding fumes: A short note on the comparison between two sampling techniques

It is well established that welding fumes contain toxic substances, and that its composition is dependent on multiple factors, such as nature of the welding process and chemical compositions of the welding consumables and base materials. In order to prevent accidents and, thus to contribute to the safety of protection of welders, the establishment of a database on welding fume components is considered as essential. This has led to the development and upgradation of sampling techniques of welding fumes. Up to now, few standard techniques exist in this area. This study describes the results of the analysis of welding fumes, in terms of heavy metals, for a set of welding electrodes commonly used in carbon steel manufacture. Sampling was done by two different techniques: using the one currently known as “fume box” and common techniques in workplace atmospheres.     

Seasonal Variations in the Metal Concentration of Taraxacum Officinale,Plantago Major and Plantago Lanceolata

The seasonal changes in the concentrations of aluminium (Al), calcium (Ca), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in the leaves of Taraxacum officianale, Plantago lanceolata and Plantago major are investigated. the most convenient periods for sampling are established when the elemental concentrations have minimal variation and are independent on the development of the plant itself. On this basis, the presumption is made that the most appropriate sampling period for herbaceous species for biomonitoring processes is the end of blossoming of the plant or immediately after that.     

Q型类聚法在海域监测站位优化中的应用——以辽东湾为例

站位布设是海域环境监测工作的一个重要技术部分,是获取有代表性监测数据,为环境管理服务的重要环节。为了最高效地布设采样点,结合辽东湾的实例,利用Q型类聚法优化了研究区域的监测点位,由原来的29个水质采样点优化到22个代表站位,优化后的站位所表征的环境质量,与近岸海域环境质量等效,并比原常规监测站位更具有代表性。在提高采样效率的同时节约了监测成本。因此,研究近岸海域环境监测站位优化具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Use of best linear unbiased prediction for hot spot identification in two-way compositing

Compositing of individual samples is a cost-effective method for estimating a population mean, but at the expense of losing information about the individual sample values. The largest of these sample values (hotspot) is sometimes of particular interest. Sweep-out methods attempt to identify the hotspot and its value by quantifying a (hopefully, small) subset of individual values as well as the usual quantification of the composites. Sweep-out design is concerned with the sequential selection of individual samples for quantification on the basis of all earlier quantifications (both composite and individual). The design-goal is for the number of individual quantifications to be small (ideally, minimal). Previous sweep-out designs have applied to traditional (i.e., disjoint) compositing. This paper describes a sweep-out design suitable for two-way compositing. That is, the individual samples are arranged in a rectangular array and a composite is formed from each row and also from each column. At each step, the design employs all available measurements (composite and individual) to form the best linear unbiased predictions for the currently unquantified cells. The cell corresponding to the largest predicted value is chosen next for individual measurement. The procedure terminates when the hotspot has been identified with certainty.     

北京地区大气中汞污染状况的初步调查

用镀金细砂填充的石英采样管在采暖期的非采暖期于北京地区七个采样点收集空气中的气态汞,用二步汞齐化原子吸收法测定其浓度并与实时分析结果进行比较,两种方法的结果都表明,采暖期北京地区大气中汞的浓度低于非采暖期大气中汞的浓度,对于除燃煤以外汞的来源尚需进一步研究。     

若尔盖盆地地球化学元素分布规律研究

通过对若尔盖盆地区域地质背景研究和野外取样调查与遥感解译,结合1:20万区域化探扫面成果编制的若尔盖盆地数字地球化学图研究发现,Zn、Sb、Hg、Pb、As、Au、Ag等绝大多数元素在若尔盖盆地古湖区显示为明显的低背景分布,是四川省西部典型的表生元素缺乏的地球化学区。大多数元素在若尔盖盆地内的变化系数CV<30%,呈分散状态,缺少后期地球化学作用的叠加。而具有显著不均匀分布特征的Hg、As、Sb、Mn、Au、Sr等元素的变化系数在50.5%-92.8%之间,反映出的集中分布趋势主要同金、铀等成矿作用有一定的关系。根据若尔盖盆地特殊的自然环境特征研究发现,影响元素分布特征的主要因素是气候条件中的温度与湿度以及沼泽、泥炭等有机质的强烈还原环境。     

环境空气中气态和颗粒态总氟化物分析方法优化

对双层磷酸氢二钾浸渍滤膜采集-氟离子选择电极测定环境空气中1、24 h气态和颗粒态总氟化物的方法进行了优化研究。方法采用小流量采集(24 h采样流量为16.7 L/min,1 h采样流量为50 L/min),解决了现有方法在样品采集上的问题,优化了样品制备中超声提取和静置方法。采样体积为3、24 m~3时,方法检出限分别为0.5、0.06μg/m~3,测定下限分别为2.0、0.24μg/m~3。实际样品测定,采样1 h时,加标回收率为87.9%~109%;采样24 h时,加标回收率为80.2%~99.3%,平行样测定的精密度为0.3%~2.9%,方法精密度和准确度良好,适用于环境空气中氟化物的测定。     

煤炭行业职业卫生现状调查研究

为了掌握煤炭行业职业卫生现状及职业健康监管提供决策依据,并检验作业场所职业卫生统计指标体系的科学性和可行性,在北京、四川和宁夏三个地区199处煤矿开展了煤炭行业职业卫生统计调查。本次调查采用分层抽样的方式,样本量满足了抽样设计需求,调查内容主要针对接触职业危害人数、职业危害因素检测、职业健康体检和职业病及工作日损失四个方面,通过不同地区、不同规模和不同类型的煤矿统计分析,发现了当前煤矿职业卫生存在的突出问题,并提出了针对性的措施;同时在调查地区煤矿和煤矿安全监察机构试用职业卫生统计指标体系,实施煤炭行业职业卫生统计信息系统直报,其中职业卫生信息统计分析系统操作简便,功能强大,特别是直接生成职业卫生统计分析报告功能受到了各级监管人员的好评,为进一步完善指标体系和在全国推广奠定了良好的基础。