一套民用固体燃料燃烧大气污染物排放测试系统的搭建和评测

为研究民用固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放特征,设计了一套箱式稀释采样测试系统.相比于常用的烟罩法和烟道采样法,该系统能减小环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的影响,同时收集了炉具泄漏的烟气,能更准确获得固体燃料燃烧的大气污染物排放水平.本文介绍了该系统的设计思路、主要结构组成和测试系统的性能评估结果.评估结果表明:进气经过滤后颗粒物浓度显著下降至约1μg·m-3,远小于燃烧过程中排放的颗粒物浓度(约100μg·m-3),有效减少环境空气中颗粒物对测试结果的干扰;使用箱式法测得PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子结果均高于箱体敞开的对照组测试,证明箱式法收集测试了燃烧时泄漏至室内的污染物,有效减少污染物泄漏造成的误差.利用该系统测试了12种常见民用煤和3种生物质燃料燃烧PM_(2.5)、SO2、NOx等污染物排放水平,其中民用煤PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为0.23~3.40 mg·g~(-1)、0.48~6.15 mg·g~(-1)和0.16~1.09 mg·g~(-1),生物质燃料的PM_(2.5)、SO2和NOx排放因子分别为6.26~39.76 mg·g~(-1)、0.04~0.23 mg·g~(-1)和0.05~0.76 mg·g~(-1).     

DOM对被动采样技术的影响与应用

主要研究了不同浓度的天然溶解性有机物(DOM)对单片膜被动采样技术的影响.结果表明,DOM的存在会影响膜吸附有机污染物的能力:当lg KOW为3~5时,DOM对膜吸附有机物的影响较小;当lg KOW5.5时,DOM会显著增强膜的吸附能力.同时,通过低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPE)被动采样技术对太子河流域3个表层沉积物的孔隙水进行多环芳烃类(PAHs)和邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)监测.结果表明,所选取的几种目标污染物在各监测点均有不同程度的检出.最后,利用商值法对太子河流域的PAHs和PAEs进行生态风险评价.结果表明,荧蒽超过水生生态基准值,其生态风险较大.     

农村污染防治工作已迫在眉睫

针对目前农村经济发展过程中出现的主要环境问题,结合农村的实际情况,提出了解决农村环境污染问题的几项措施。并着重分析了规模化畜禽养殖业中的环境污染问题,提出了综合防治对策。     

Temporal and Spatial Trends in Nutrient and Sediment Loading to Lake Tahoe,California‐Nevada,USA

Since 1980, the Lake Tahoe Interagency Monitoring Program (LTIMP) has provided stream‐discharge and water quality data—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and suspended sediment—at more than 20 stations in Lake Tahoe Basin streams. To characterize the temporal and spatial patterns in nutrient and sediment loading to the lake, and improve the usefulness of the program and the existing database, we have (1) identified and corrected for sources of bias in the water quality database; (2) generated synthetic datasets for sediments and nutrients, and resampled to compare the accuracy and precision of different load calculation models; (3) using the best models, recalculated total annual loads over the period of record; (4) regressed total loads against total annual and annual maximum daily discharge, and tested for time trends in the residuals; (5) compared loads for different forms of N and P; and (6) tested constituent loads against land use‐land cover (LULC) variables using multiple regression. The results show (1) N and P loads are dominated by organic N and particulate P; (2) there are significant long‐term downward trends in some constituent loads of some streams; and (3) anthropogenic impervious surface is the most important LULC variable influencing water quality in basin streams. Many of our recommendations for changes in water quality monitoring and load calculation methods have been adopted by the LTIMP.     

A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Single‐Family Residential Water Use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Studies that evaluate determinants of residential water demand typically use data from a single spatial scale. Although household‐scale data are preferred, especially when econometric models are used, researchers may be limited to aggregate data. There is little, if any, empirical analysis to assess whether spatial scale may lead to ecological fallacy problems in residential water use research. Using linear mixed‐effects models, we compare the results for the relationship of single‐family water use with its determinants using data from the household and census tract scales in the city of Phoenix. Model results between the household and census tract scale are similar suggesting the ecological fallacy may not be significant. Common significant determinants on these two spatial scales include household size, household income, house age, pool size, irrigable lot size, precipitation, and temperature. We also use city/town scale data from the Phoenix metropolitan area to parameterize the linear mixed‐effects model. The difference in the parameter estimates of those common variables compared to the first two scales indicates there is spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between single‐family water use and its determinants among cities and towns. The negative relationship between single‐family house density and residential water use suggests that residential water consumption could be reduced through coordination of land use planning and water demand management.     

Distribution characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in annular wetland soil-water solutions through soil profiles in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

Overwhelming evidence reveals that concentrations of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） have increased in streams which brings negative environmental impacts. DOC in stream flow is mainly originated from soil-water solutions of watershed. Wetlands prove to be the most sensitive areas as an important DOC reserve between terrestrial and fluvial biogeosystems. This reported study was focused on the distribution characteristics and the controlling factors of DOC in soil-water solutions of annular wetland, i.e., a dishing wetland and a forest wetland together, in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The results indicate that DOC concentrations in soilwater solutions decreased and then increased with increasing soil depth in the annular wetland. In the upper soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, DOC concentrations in soil-water solutions linearly increased from edge to center of the annular wetland （R^2 = 0.3122 and R^2 = 0.443）. The distribution variations were intimately linked to DOC production and utilization and DOC transport processes in annular wetland soil-water solutions. The concentrations of total organic carbon （TOC）, total carbon （TC） and Fe（II）, DOC mobility and continuous vertical and lateral flow affectext the distribution variations of DOC in soil-water solutions. The correlation coefficients between DOC concentrations and TOC, TC and Fe（II） were 0.974, 0.813 and 0.753 respectively. These distribution characteristics suggested a systematic response of the distribution variations of DOC in annular wetland soil-water solutions to the geometry of closed depressions on a scale of small catchments. However, the DOC in soil pore water of the annular wetland may be the potential source of DOC to stream flow on watershed scale. These observations also implied the fragmentation of wetland landscape could bring the spatial-temporal variations of DOC distribution and exports, which would bring negative environmental impacts in watersheds of the Sanjiang Plain.     

基于在线观测本地因子的长三角家禽养殖氨排放时空分布特征

为获取长三角地区家禽养殖氨排放因子和时空分布特征,通过在线高分辨率监测系统对典型规模化蛋鸡养殖场棚舍养殖和粪便堆肥环节的氨浓度进行连续监测,获取不同季节、不同生长阶段的氨浓度和排放因子,并建立基于本地化排放因子的长三角家禽养殖氨排放清单.结果表明,棚舍养殖和粪便堆肥环节春夏秋冬4个季节ρ（NH₃）日均值分别为：（1.85±0.38）、（4.58±0.33）、（3.87±0.12）、（2.83±0.47）mg·m^-3和（2.04±0.50）、（4.04±1.04）、（2.51±0.67）、（1.55±0.16）mg·m^-3,氨浓度呈显著的日小时变化趋势,养殖棚舍春夏秋冬小时ρ（NH₃）最大值出现在中午13:00～14:00,最小值出现在凌晨01:00～03:00,粪便堆肥环节夏秋季节的小时ρ（NH₃）最大值出现在16:00～19:00,春冬季的日小时变化过程则不明显;氨日小时浓度变化主要受日温度变化、畜禽活动和清粪管理等因素影响.蛋鸡不同生长阶段的氨浓度呈显著差异,青年鸡、产蛋鸡...     

森林植被影响径流形成机制研究进展

径流形成机制研究在水文学领域中具有十分重要的意义,且受到越来越广泛的重视。水文环境以及水文通量的空间异质性和时间变化性导致了水文过程的尺度依赖性和非线性特征,没有对水文过程较为清晰的认识,就不能将某一地区某一流域森林植被变化水文生态效应的研究结果简单地外推到其他地区和其他流域。开发基于物理过程分布式参数水文模型可以为认识森林植被变化的生态学后效和客观评价森林植被水文生态效益提供可行的工具。但是要实现这一目标,研究森林植被影响径流形成机制是问题的核心所在。另一方面,认识森林影响径流形成机制有助于研究水文学中的尺度问题。研究森林植被影响径流形成机制的主要方法包括水文测验、同位素示踪和动力水文学计算等,研究的空间尺度则为坡面与流域相接合。从已有的研究成果来看,森林植被影响径流形成机制可以概括为:①森林流域径流形成为变动源区产流机制;②森林流域径流形成主要受饱和地表径流、亚表层径流和地下径流的控制;③森林流域径流形成机制是相互作用和相互转化的;④优先流在森林流域径流形成中起到了至关重要的作用。     

无人机用航空铝合金材料激光毁伤特性缩比实验研究

目的 通过开展激光对无人机用航空铝合金材料的缩比毁伤实验,为研究激光对无人机的毁伤特性及规律奠定基础,为激光武器的战技指标论证提供科学可靠的参考数据。方法 采用缩比模型法,利用激光对航空铝靶板进行毁伤实验,记录烧穿时间、光斑直径、激光功率等参数,并通过等效性修正实验对毁伤规律进行分析。结果 毁伤缩比实验中,随着尺度律cP的增加,航空铝板的平均击穿时间逐渐延长,击穿所需的激光能量密度基本符合线性增加规律。修正实验中,随着航空铝板厚度的增加,击穿时间逐渐延长,实验拟合曲线与理论曲线具有较好的一致性。结论 通过缩比实验与修正实验,可建立激光对航空铝合金材料的毁伤模型公式,根据激光参数推算毁伤阈值及击穿时间。     

土地利用变化及流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956-2005 年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料以及DEM、土地利用和土壤的遥感资料,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,划分一定单元流域,对海河流域进行水文类型分区划分,并讨论了土地利用转移变化及单元流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用情况下水文类型分区的结果是不同的,土地利用的变化会直接或间接影响流域水文类型分区的空间分布,土地利用变化越大,水文类型分区的转移变化也越大。单元流域尺度较小时,水文类型分区分布较为离散,反之,单元流域尺度较大时,水文类型分区的分布则较为连续。当单元流域平均面积变化小于150 km²时,分区分布虽然有一定的变化,但总体来看分区结果相对比较稳定,当单元流域平均面积变化较大,并达到250km²以上时,分区结果会发生较大变化。