沙尘天气发生频率对大气能见度方差的影响研究:以北京及其沙尘过往路径典型站点为例

利用1971～2000年北京及其沙尘过往路径典型站点日能见度和各种沙尘天气发生日资料,分析了沙尘天气发生频率与能见度方差的关系.发现当沙尘天气频率减少(增加)1次时,能见度方差就偏强(偏弱)1个标准差.沙尘天气发生频率对日能见度变率的影响主要是通过风速的高频变率实现的,当风速变率偏强(偏弱)1个标准差时,沙尘天气发生频率增强(减弱)约30%,近地面风场的高频变率影响了沙尘天气的产生,从而影响日能见度方差的波动.异常低能见度事件(日能见度距平<-2σ,σ为各站各日能见度距平的标准差)频次与能见度方差之间存在显著的正相关性.风速距平频次增加,使得沙尘天气发生频次增加,从而导致低能见度事件频次上升;反之,异常低能见度事件下降.浮尘、沙尘暴和扬沙与低能见度事件的相关程度是不同的.     

沙渗滤去除三家店水库水中有机污染物的试验研究

采用CODMn和BOD作为指标对沙渗滤系统去除三家店水库水中有机污染物的效果进行了评价.试验构建一个长约10m、宽2m、高2m的砖混结构渗滤池,渗滤池分隔为8个小渗滤池,选择3种不同的沙分别构建1m3见方的渗滤床.渗滤系统持续运行125d,经历高温的夏季和低温的冬季,试验结果表明,渗滤系统对三家店水库水中有机污染物能有效去除,CODMn去除率一般在20%～40%,BOD的去除率一般在20%～80%,CODMn、BOD的出水值分别小于4mg·L-1、3mg·L-1;渗滤层厚度的增加不能显著增加有机污染物的去除率;温度对CODMn和BOD的去除有明显的影响;3种渗滤介质对CODMn和BOD均能有效去除,建筑沙对去除有机质的效果相对好一点.     

沙尘暴的成因与防治措施初探

针对今春我国北方地工百北京连续７次的扬尘和沙尘暴龙击,分析其成因及危害,提出了防治沙尘暴的具体措施及建议,为沙尘暴的有效治理提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

准噶尔盆地南缘活化沙丘植被自然恢复初探——以梭梭、白梭梭为例

古尔班通古特沙漠边缘植被破坏严重,沙丘活化明显,是新疆干旱区植被恢复的重点地区之一,一般缺乏地表水补充,其沙丘的水分状况便成为植被生存和恢复过程的关键条件。为掌握古尔班通古特沙漠边缘活化沙丘水分状况,并在其上恢复自然植被,对植物生长期内沙丘水分进行连续监测,并采用当地采集的梭梭、白梭梭种子进行植被恢复实验,结果表明:活化沙丘表层存在干沙层,沙丘中部和下部存在稳定湿沙层,处在距沙丘表面60 cm以下,且厚度超过100 cm,具备植被自然恢复的基础,干沙层的形成速率和风蚀是制约活化沙丘植被自然恢复的决定因素。     

结构性和相对密度对南京细砂抗液化强度的影响

结合南京长江四桥工程场地的液化试验结果,分析了相对密度和结构性对南京细砂抗液化强度的影响:重塑南京细砂的抗液化强度与相对密度具有较好的一一对应性,且随着相对密度增大而增大;结构性的存在使南京细砂原状砂样比重塑砂样具有更高的抗液化强度,但随着循环荷载的减小和振动作用次数的增加,两者的抗液化强度逐渐接近;由于结构性的影响,不同相对密度的原状南京细砂的抗液化强度有可能相同。     

宁夏盐池沙地农田防护林的防风阻沙效益

对宁夏盐池北部沙区典型农田防护林防风效能和阻沙效益的实地观测结果表明,小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌木片林防护范围主要在林内和背风面距背风林缘0～3H(H表示树高)内,而背风面有效防护范围较小;沙柳(Salix psammophila)灌丛林带的迎风面和背风面风速均处于起沙风速(4.53 m·s-1)以上,对农田不能形成有效防护;榆树(Ulmus pumila)乔木林带残缺不全,严重影响防风效益.沙柳林带和榆树林带都是林带背风面大量积沙,未能有效地将风沙流中的来沙阻挡在农田以外;小叶锦鸡儿片林阻沙主要分布在林内,表明其能对农田形成有效防护.     

近年来中国北方沙尘暴成因及其防治

近年来,强和特强沙尘暴在我国北方频繁发生,这与中国北方近几十年来植被破坏严重,沙化土地面积不断扩大,生态环境恶化导致沙源物质增加,气候进一步暖干化,自然环境对沙尘暴的防卫能力大大减弱有关。防治沙尘暴有三方面措施;一是增加地表覆盖,促进生态良化;二是建立沙尘暴预警系统与沙尘暴多发区环境质量动态监测预警系统;三是加强法制与管理力度,使沙尘暴多发区生态环境建设纳入法治轨道。     

Chlorine residuals and haloacetic acid reduction in rapid sand filtration

It is quite rare to find biodegradation in rapid sand filtration for drinking water treatment. This might be due to frequent backwashes and low substrate levels. High chlorine concentrations may inhibit biofilm development, especially for plants with pre-chlorination. However, in tropical or subtropical regions, bioactivity on the sand surface may be quite significant due to high biofilm development—a result of year-round high temperature. The objective of this study is to explore the correlation between biodegradation and chlorine concentration in rapid sand filters, especially for the water treatment plants that practise pre-chlorination. In this study, haloacetic acid (HAA) biodegradation was found in conventional rapid sand filters practising pre-chlorination. Laboratory column studies and field investigations were conducted to explore the association between the biodegradation of HAAs and chlorine concentrations. The results showed that chlorine residual was an important factor that alters bioactivity development. A model based on filter influent and effluent chlorine was developed for determining threshold chlorine for biodegradation. From the model, a temperature independent chlorine concentration threshold (Cl_threshold) for biodegradation was estimated at 0.46-0.5 mg L⁻¹. The results imply that conventional filters with adequate control could be conducive to bioactivity, resulting in lower HAA concentrations. Optimizing biodegradable disinfection by-product removal in conventional rapid sand filter could be achieved with minor variation and a lower-than-Cl_threshold influent chlorine concentration. Bacteria isolation was also carried out, successfully identifying several HAA degraders. These degraders are very commonly seen in drinking water systems and can be speculated as the main contributor of HAA loss.     

Biological filtration for removal of arsenic from drinking water

The main objective of the study was to find a suitable iron to arsenic ratio in water to reduce arsenic to 5 μg/L or lower through sand filtration. Experiments were conducted by varying the quantity of iron(II) while keeping the arsenic concentration at 100 μg/L. A mixture of iron (II) and arsenic at different ratios (10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1) was pumped to the sand filters in a down flow mode and effluent arsenic and iron were analyzed. It was found that a ratio of iron to arsenic of 40:1 was necessary to ensure an effluent arsenic concentration of 5 μg/L or lower. Iron in the filtrate was found to be below 0.1 mg/L at all times.     

Green sand reclamation using a fluidized bed with an attrition nozzle

The objective of this study was to determine the technical feasibility of green sand reclamation using attrition in a gas–solid fluidized bed. Reclamation of foundry sand is becoming important as it may help solve concerns related to transportation and dumping of the used sand, and reduce production costs by recycling sand. The crucial step in green sand reclamation is the removal of small clay particles that are bound to the sand particles.For this study two different types of green sand were used and supplied by two different foundries. Tests were performed in a fluidized bed equipped with an attrition nozzle operating at pressures of either 350 or 550 kPa (50 or 80 psig). Attrition experiments for one green sand were performed on either unburned or burned (calcined) green sand, to determine the effect of prior calcination of the green sand on its reclamation potential by attrition. Calcination temperatures of over 700 °C were employed, and the results suggest that calcination facilitates the removal of clay from the green sand.Green sand was analyzed for clay and organic content, acid request, and particle size before and after attrition. Attriting calcined green sand produces the best results. Also experiments conducted at the highest attrition pressure of 550 kPa gave good results. According to the mass balance, the mass lost during the attrition process may be limited to less than 14%, and this could be considered acceptable. The volume of air required for the attrition nozzle is rather high and this may adversely affect the economics of the process.