Vegetation changes associated with barrier-dune construction on the outer banks of North Carolina

Manmade dunes are used to stabilize the barrier islands of the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States so that they are more amenable to development. Although this strategy has stabilized extensive sections of the barrier-island substrate, it has also caused significant ecological changes. The rate and pattern of the resulting vegetation changes along the Outer Banks of North Carolina were determined using sequential aerial photography. Successional trends have been altered in favor of more stable woody communities.     

石英砂加工企业职业病危害防护措施与管理对策研究

通过对安徽省石英砂加工企业生产工艺流程和现场进行调查分析,得出矽尘和噪声是两种最主要的职业病危害因素,发现石英砂生产企业矽尘和噪声危害十分严重,生产作业现场未配备任何防护装备和个人防护用品,作业人员接触职业病危害的比率非常高。分析了石英砂加工企业在职业病危害防护与管理方面的欠缺与不足,提出了针对矽尘和噪声危害因素的具体工程防护措施与管理对策,从源头控制和消除职业病危害,保护劳动者的生命安全与健康。     

生态减污袋去除模拟污水中氨氮及磷的效果试验

研究利用砂土与粘土混合制成的生态减污袋对于模拟污水中氨氮及磷的去除效果。研究发现砂土与粘土比例为1∶1的减污袋对于高浓度模拟污水中氨氮和磷的去除率分别达到73%和63%;而砂土与粘土比例为10∶1的减污袋对于低浓度模拟污水中磷的去除率最高达到49%。对于高浓度污水,采用砂土与粘土比例为1∶1的生态减污袋能取得最好的除磷去氮效果;而对于低浓度污水,采用砂土与粘土比例为10∶1的生态减污袋除磷去氮效果较好并且成本相对较低。     

低山丘陵区水土保持治理与生态环境效应

分析了低山丘陵区水土流失等级分布，水土流失的形成原因及危害，指出低山丘陵区水土流失综合治理要以小流域综合治理为主，阐明小流域水土流失的规律性，以及根据小流域3个地貌单元类型按“三条带”模式进行综合治理：山顶林草防治、山腰经济林带整治、山脚坡改梯治理的技术措施，着重论述综合治理的生态环境效应：明显地保水保土保肥，在降雨量相同的情况下等高种植、坡改梯、封山育林雨强明显小于坡耕地，起始产流时间延迟，径流量减少近2/3，土壤侵蚀量明显比坡耕地少得多。土壤侵蚀携带养分，坡耕地损失量最大，等高种植全氮、全磷的损失量最小；坡改梯有机质、有效氮、速效钾流失量较少，说明坡改梯的保肥效果优于等高种植。林草植被对改善生态系统的环境效应和提高生物多样性功能，为低山丘陵区生态环境恢复和农业可持发展奠定基础。     

砂尘试验箱原理分析改进及相关标准探讨

结合砂尘的产生和运动机理,对砂尘试验箱的设计原理和应用特点进行了说明,着重对吹砂程中空气的温度和湿度、砂尘颗粒直径比例进行了分析,对气固两相流中颗粒浓度的均匀性进行了探讨。基于砂尘的运动特性,国内应用较普遍采用的闭式循环吹砂试验设备,无法实现砂的有效分离,导致吹砂试验箱试验过程中颗粒直径比例不满足GJB 150.12A要求。在MIL-STD-810H中,已经取消了对吹砂试验相对湿度≤30%的要求。基于吹尘和吹砂引起的不同环境效应,结合吹尘和吹砂试验设备原理和国内已有设备的现状,对现有试验方法和校准规范的完善、砂尘试验箱的改进设计提出了建议和意见。同时文中也介绍了国外开式、闭式循环、可变循环等几种不同类型的砂尘试验箱作为参考,基于砂尘试验的破坏机理提出了砂尘试验箱的分类和选型建议。     

我国不同矿物气溶胶源区物质的物理化学特征

在我国不同的矿物气溶胶源区进行采样分析的结果表明,源区气溶胶物质的物理化学特性相差很大.黄土的颗粒最细,91%的黄土颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶进行长距离输送;沙土较粗,只有15%的沙尘颗粒可以形成矿物气溶胶;2个煤灰样品的粒径差异较大,抚顺煤灰中＜74μm的颗粒高达39%,而呼和浩特煤灰只有7%.不同粒径颗粒的化学分析结果表明,微量元素在细颗粒上有较高的富集.黄土与沙漠土壤的细颗粒的化学性质十分相似,同煤灰的化学性质完全不同,其常量元素与A1的比值(E/Al)十分接近,而且与深海沉积物粘土中的比值(E/A1)     

城市污水回用三种处理工艺的选择

本文针对我国城市二级出水的特点,研究了污水深度处理的三种工艺:絮凝沉淀过滤、微絮凝过滤和直接过滤.装置采用网格反应池、翼片斜板沉淀池、气水同时冲洗粗砂滤池.药剂选用聚合硫酸铁,试验规模120m~3/d.     

金属氢氧化物包被砂过滤柱吸附与去除水体中的微生物

以氢氧化铁与氢氧化铝原位沉积包被砂作介质的过滤柱 ,用于去除脱氯自来水中人为污染的高浓度脊髓灰质炎病毒PV1、脆弱拟杆菌噬菌体B .fp和大肠杆菌E .coli.结果显示 ,包被修饰砂颗粒表面Zeta电动势由原来的 - 4 2 .8mV上升到 5 4 .7mV ,并因此提高了对微生物的吸附去除能力 .修饰砂过滤柱经 12 .5d连续过滤 30 0L水样后 ,仍可使进水微生物浓度分别高达n(cfu) /mL-1=5 .2× 10 6、2 .4× 10 5、2 .3× 10 5的E .coli、B .fp和PV1去除 92 %、97.2 %和 99.6 % .而未修饰砂柱 ,在相同条件下仅分别去除 5 3%、5 9%和 70 .6 % .修饰砂柱可在较大pH变化下稳定高效地去除微生物且在中性条件下效果最佳 ,这与未修饰砂柱明显不同 .扫描电镜显示 ,两种砂具有明显不同的表面结构 .修饰砂柱流出液中检测不到用于包被的铁、铝金属 ,说明氢氧化铁、氢氧化铝修饰物同砂结合牢固并因此提高了砂过滤柱的使用寿命 .修饰砂过滤介质可为饮用水处理提供更为安全可靠的去除病原微生物方法 .图 4表 4参 19     

Variation in populations of the coastal dune building grassLeymus arenarius in Iceland revealed by endospermal prolamins

Variation in the endospermal protein patterns of seeds amongst and between inland and coastal populations of the dune building grassLeymus arenarius was examined in Iceland. Seeds were collected from six coastal populations and five inland populations in Iceland. Endospermal proteins (prolamins) of seeds were extracted with Tris-buffered 2-propanol (50%) and β-mercaptoethanol (0.5% v/v). We used 8% and 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate the prolamin protein bands, which were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R. Coastal populations were differentiated from inland populations on the basis of high frequency of high molar weight (HMW) (110–150 kg mol⁻¹) prolamins. Coastal populations had significantly higher proportions of their seed with more than two HMW prolamins, than those of inland populations. Subtle differences were found among the HMW prolamins of coastal and inland populations indicating limited intrapopulation variation. The dynamic environment of sand dunes probably influences the genetic composition of these populations. The results suggest that seeds of the inland and coastal populations should be treated separately in sand dune reclamation and restoration works     

Mineral, chemical and radiological investigation of a black sand at Touzla Cape, near Thessaloniki, Greece

A black-sand formation located at Touzla Cape, near Thessaloniki city, Greece, was investigated using optical microscopy, powder-XRD, SEM-EDS, INAA and in-situ -ray spectrometry. This black sand is mainly composed of ilmenite, magnetite, garnet, zircon and rutile. Also present, in minor or trace amounts, are quartz, sphene, pyroxenes, sillimanite, feldspars, biotite, haematite, tourmaline, chromite, niobian-rutile and pyrrhotite. Niobian-rutile and pyrrhotite were found as inclusions in ilmenite and magnetite respectively. The radioactivity measurements indicated contributions of the uranium and thorium radioactive series and of 40K and 137Cs, and the maximum value of the total absorbed dose rate in air was found to be 62, 172, 8 and 2 nGy h-1 respectively. The main radioactivity of the uranium and thorium series is attributed to the fractions of zircon (304 µg Th g-1 and 157 µg U g-1), of ilmenite (89 µg Th g-1) and to a lesser extent to the fraction of garnet (5 µg Th g-1). The zircon fraction also contained 5076 µg Hf g-1. Some minerals and elements (Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, U) contained in the black sand could be of potential economic value. The high proportions of monomineralic grains along with the variations observed in mineral phases, in colour, in sphericity, in roundness, in grain size, in composition and in mineral inclusions, imply that the minerals and grains were subjected to several cycles of weathering and sedimentation, as well as being derived from multiple source rocks and areas.