沙质草地植被防风抗蚀生态效应的野外观测研究

采用定位实测法,研究了科尔沁沙地沙质草地植被防风抗蚀的生态效应.结果表明:在春季风沙活动期,退化沙质草地不同恢复阶段的植被盖度存在很大差异,从流动沙地的0.3%增至固定沙地的16%.植被盖度的有序增加导致下垫面空气动力学粗糙度从流动沙地的0.013cm增至固定沙地的0.111cm,摩阻速度从0.272 m·s^-1增至0.823 m·s^-1,近地表20cm高度平均风速由7.0 m·s^-1降至3.8 m·s^-1,侵蚀风持续时数由2h降至1h.相应地,0～20cm气流层内的总输沙量由流动沙地的88.8 g·(h·cm²)^-1降至固定沙地的1.6 g·(h·cm²)^-1.回归分析表明,在退化沙质草地的恢复过程中,植被盖度VC与土壤风蚀率Q间具有良好的指数函数关系:Q=3.93+93.66e^-0.60VC(R²=0.893,p<0.0001,n=40).     

风廓线雷达在北京地区一次强沙尘天气分析中的应用

基于北京地区逐小时风廓线雷达数据、大气成分观测数据以及地面常规观测资料对2017年5月3~7日一次沙尘天气过程进行了研究.结果表明：受蒙古气旋影响,全国多地出现空气质量严重污染,其中北京PM₁₀浓度达到严重污染级别时间超过30h.通过对边界层内水平风场、垂直速度以及大气折射率结构常数等要素进行分析,研究发现沙尘爆发前,边界层内出现平均风速达到14.8m/s的西北急流核,该急流核的建立有利于将高层沙尘粒子向近地面传输,而沙尘爆发阶段边界层通风量较前期增加31.6%,中低层的通风量逐渐占据主导地位,使近地面PM₁₀浓度出现爆发性增长.此外,整个沙尘天气过程中,以弱下沉运动为主,垂直速度在1m/s以下,而沙尘天气爆发前,边界层内出现强烈垂直下沉运动,达到5.3m/s.同时,大气折射率结构常数出现1.0×10^-16的高值中心.二者均先于地面污染物浓度的变化,预报时间提前量为8~9h,可为今后沙尘预报提供一定参考.     

2002年春季沙尘暴对青岛大气气溶胶的影响

根据TSP,PM10,分级粒子质量浓度观测资料,分析了2002年春季发生于我国北方的2次沙尘天气过程对青岛大气环境的影响.在3月15-19日和21-23日的2次沙尘天气过程中TSP质量浓度分别为0.488和0.721 mg/m\+3,比平时增加了2.8和4.1倍.沙尘天气期间2～7 μm粒子为影响青岛的主要成分,在第2次沙尘暴期间该粒径的粒子质量浓度增加了30倍,其中2.1～3.3 μm粒子质量浓度达到0.13 mg/m\+3.根据地面气象资料和PM10连续监测资料发现,在地面风向转北之前,高空气流携带的沙尘首先影响到青岛.      

纤维与石英砂过滤技术的比较研究

提出了无需额外反冲洗装置与动力消耗的水力自清洗纤维过滤技术,与石英砂过滤进行了比较研究,探索该技术应用的可行性。结果表明,10 m/h滤速下纤维过滤与石英砂过滤相比,出水浊度、SS分别降低59%和86%,COD、TOC、TP和TN降低5%～20%,水头损失大幅降低,两者初始水头损失分别为0.12 kPa和3.97 kPa,5 h后分别达到1.58kPa和5.98 kPa。纤维滤柱反冲洗历时40 s,而石英砂滤柱为15 min,反洗耗水率分别为2.9%和6.9%。反洗后纤维滤柱出水浊度和SS分别为4.08 NTU、6 mg/L,低于石英砂滤柱的5.81 NTU、28 mg/L。水力自清洗纤维过滤技术可节省动力装置和动力消耗,反冲洗历时短、耗水率低,具有较好的应用前景。     

Dust storm frequency and its relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years

Dust storm events and their relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years were analyzed by using different paleoclimate archives such as ice cores, tree rings, and historical documents. The results show that in the semiarid region, the temperature and precipitation series were significantly negatively correlated to the dust storm frequency on a decadal timescale. Compared with temperature changes, however, there was a closer correlation between precipitation changes and dust storm events on a centennial timescale. At this timescale, precipitation accounts for 40% of the variance of dust fall variations during the last 1700 years, inferring precipitation control on the formation of dust storms. In the western arid region, both temperature and precipitation changes are important forcing factors for the occurrence of dust storms in the region on a centennial timescale. In the eastern arid region, the relationship between dust storm events and climate changes are similar like in the semiarid region. As a result, the effects of climate change on dust storm events were manifested on decadal and centennial timescales during the last millennium. However, there is a phase shift in the relation between climate change and the dust storm frequency. A 1400 years reconstruction of the strength of the Siberian High reveals that long-term variations of spring Siberian High intensity might provide a background for the dynamic conditions for the frequency of historical dust storm events in Northern China.     

晚更新世长江中下游沙山和黄土物质来源研究

风成沉积物的产生、搬运和沉积过程是地球各圈层相互作用的产物。晚更新世末次冰期时，长江中下游广泛分布沙山和黄土，对于它们是远源搬运而来，还是近源堆积一直存有争议。对青山、九江、定山和红光这些典型沙山和黄土剖面进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析，获得346个新数据结果，将其与潜在物源区的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄进行对比，结合这些地层的沉积时代和区域内已报道的物源示踪结果，发现在末次冰期青山沙山和九江黄土的碎屑锆石来自近源的江汉平原，定山沙山和红光黄土的碎屑锆石来自赣江。长江中下游沙山和黄土的发育属于河流搬运的碎屑物质被东亚冬季风吹拂和高大地形阻挡发生沉积的模式。