Conservation for the landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan scenic area of China

Wulingyuan is located at the mountainous area of the middle reach of the Yangtze River,it is one of the three nature heritages in China which ranks in the “List of Worls‘s Heritage”by UNESCO.It is characterized by quartz sandstone peaks landform with several landform components(pattern,corridor)and rich in landscape ecological diversity and biodiversity.The main patterns(ecosystem)include mid-height mountain peaks,rift-avlley and streams among peaks,peaks and gullies on slopes,square mountain-platforms and peaks among blind valleys and so on.The corridor system consists of natural corridors and artificial corridors among which the stream corridors account for a major part.The fracturing of habitat is unfavorable for the biodiversity conservation,but meanwhile the habitat diversity leads to an increase in biodiversity.Therefore,it is still rich in landscape ecological diversity in Wulingyuan.The biodiversity at the level of landscape component(ecosystem) and the function of the Wulingyuan complex ecosystem,and the measures for the biodiversity conservation in Wulingyuan ecotourism area are discussed in this paper.     

分级加载条件下红砂岩蠕变特性试验研究

岩石的蠕变性质是引起工程岩体破坏的主要原因之一。通过进行分级加载蠕变试验,分析了红砂岩在不同加载应力条件下的蠕变特征。试验结果表明:在不同加载应力条件下,试件等速蠕变阶段应变速率与加载应力呈指数函数关系,并且当加载应力大于损伤强度σcd时,径向等速蠕变阶段应变速率大于轴向;同时,试件在破坏过程中存在加速蠕变阶段不明显的现象。根据蠕变破坏过程中黏滞系数的变化特点,将理想黏塑性体中的黏滞系数定义为时间的负指数函数,建立了一个非定常西原蠕变模型,该模型能较好反映红砂岩在单轴压缩条件下的蠕变特性。     

砒砂岩修复晋陕蒙能源区铅污染土壤的研究

寻找合适的材料来修复晋陕蒙地区因煤炭、石油和天然气开发导致的土壤重金属污染是该区域环境治理的重要措施.砒砂岩具有较强的吸附性,是可以用于土壤重金属污染修复的潜在材料.本研究通过室内模拟实验来研究土壤中添加砒砂岩对铅形态分布、毒性溶出量(TCLP)的影响及其对土壤孔隙度、pH、田间持水量、土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,砒砂岩可显著降低土壤弱酸提取态铅含量,增加可还原态与残渣态铅含量;随土壤中砒砂岩添加量的增加,高活性态铅的降幅越大低活性态铅的增幅越大.砒砂岩显著降低了土壤铅毒性溶出量,降低程度与砒砂岩添加量成正比.砒砂岩的较强吸附特性及可以提高土壤pH是固化土壤重金属铅的重要因素.此外,砒砂岩对土壤理化性质的改善一定程度上对污染土壤起着改良作用.     

单轴压缩条件下预制裂纹红砂岩试样声发射特征研究*

为研究单轴压缩条件下预制裂纹红砂岩试样声发射特征,运用伺服压力机、声发射系统对砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,结合声发射特征参数与应力时间关系,对砂岩试样变形失稳破坏过程进行分析,并在相同加载方式下分析不同裂纹角度对砂岩试样变形破坏特征的影响。结果表明:砂岩试样破坏过程按力学性质可分为压密、弹性变化、塑性变化及峰后残余4个阶段,预制裂纹对试样的峰值应力有显著降低作用;声发射信号可分为平静期、上升期、波动期3个阶段,信号与砂岩试样破坏过程存在良好对应关系,不同角度预制裂纹对应的声发射信号特征不同,平静期45°裂纹试样声发射事件相对较活跃,振铃累积率相对最高,0°裂纹试样最早进入声发射波动期;在相同加载方式下,声发射信号参数RA值受裂纹角度影响较大,可以利用声发射信号RA值的演化判断岩石材料中裂纹方向与荷载方向的关系。     

疏松砂岩油气藏出砂风险及机理离散元分析*

为了进一步了解疏松砂岩储层开发过程中的出砂机理,基于PFC3D平台构建离散元模型用于分析疏松砂岩储层出砂风险,探究生产压差等因素对地层出砂的影响。结果表明:较高生产压差下地层流体流速较快,流体对砂粒的拖曳力较大,出砂较严重,生产压差为4.5 MPa时出砂量比3.0,1.5 MPa分别高34.86%和75.45%;地层流体黏度的升高会降低其对砂粒的拖曳,一定程度上减弱出砂程度,流体黏度在1 000 mPa·s时出砂量比100,10 mPa·s下分别低42.50%和54.27%;较大地应力差异条件下砂粒间相互作用较强,砂粒更易脱离岩石骨架而出砂,地应力差异系数为1.75时出砂量是1.25时的2.51倍;另外,内聚力较低的储层砂粒间黏聚力较低,相同生产条件下更易出砂。研究结果可用于预测疏松砂岩储层出砂及定制防砂方案。     

Oxidative dissolution of uraninite precipitated on Navajo sandstone

Column and batch experiments were conducted with sandstone and ground water samples to investigate oxidation of uraninite precipitated by microbially mediated reduction of U(VI), a contaminant in ground water beneath a uranium mill tailings site near Tuba City, AZ, USA. Uraninite precipitated together with mackinawite (FeS_0.9) because Fe(III) from the sandstone and sulfate, another contaminant in the water were reduced together with U(VI). After completion of U(VI) reduction, experiments were conducted to find out whether uraninite is protected by mackinawite against reoxidation. Uncontaminated ground water from the same site, containing 7 mg/l of dissolved oxygen, was passed through the columns or mixed with sandstone in batch experiments. The results showed that small masses of uraninite, 0.1 μg/g of sandstone, are protected by mackinawite from reoxidation. Uraninite masses on the order of 0.1 μg/g correspond to U(VI) concentrations of 0.5 mg/l, typically encountered in uranium contaminated ground waters. Mackinawite is an effective buffer and is formed in sufficient quantity to provide long-term protection of uraninite. Uranium concentrations in ground water passed through the columns are too low (4 μg/l) to distinguish between dissolution and oxidative dissolution of uraninite. However, batch experiments showed that uraninite oxidation takes place.     

地浸井场外围含水层砂岩对铀的吸附行为

天然含水层介质对铀的吸附是地下水铀天然衰减的决定因素.然而,人们对天然含水层砂岩吸附铀行为的认识相当有限.因此,本文采用静态实验及数值模拟相结合的方法研究了地浸井场外围砂岩对铀的吸附行为,探究了天然砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,研究了铀初始浓度、pH、其他离子种类与浓度对铀吸附的影响.结果表明,准二级动力学方程与Freundlich等温吸附模型可以更好地表征砂岩对铀的吸附行为;随着溶液中铀初始浓度的增大,砂岩对水溶液中铀的吸附量增大,吸附率减小;在初始pH=3时,铀的吸附率达到最大,为77%;砂岩对溶液中铀的吸附率会随反应体系中Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃等离子浓度的升高而下降,4种共存离子对该吸附过程抑制能力的顺序为:SO₄^2-2+2+-₃.这些研究结果可为地浸...     

What is a static head measurement? Evaluating structural error and implications for regional groundwater modeling

Most groundwater modelers avoid using static heads measured from active production wells because they can introduce a bias into model calibration. However, in the deep confined Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System in the Central Midcontinent of North America, dedicated observation wells are sparse and remote from areas of most concentrated pumping. As a result, in areas where drawdown is the greatest and modeling is most needed, only static heads from production wells are available for calibration. This paper evaluates two leading sources of discrepancies in using production well data, spatial and temporal structural error (S.E.). A simple Theis solution is used to evaluate the potential magnitude of spatial S.E. when calibrating a regional MODFLOW model with coarse cell resolution. Despite theoretical analyses indicating that spatial S.E. could be significant, statistical analysis of the model results suggests that temporal S.E. is dominant. Long (ranging over decades) or frequent (monthly) head datasets are key in understanding temporal S.E., to better capture water-level variability. In this study, the range in static head observations impacted estimates of the remaining time a well could extract water from the aquifer by 0.1 to 16.0 years. This uncertainty in future water supply is highly relevant to stakeholders and must be assessed in hydrographs depicting risk.     

砒砂岩对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性研究

以红、白和灰3种不同颜色的砒砂岩作为吸附剂,通过研究不同吸附剂用量、pH和离子强度(IS)等外界条件对砒砂岩吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响,以及吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,应用动力学与热力学吸附模型,结合红外光谱(FTIR)分析,探讨砒砂岩吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的机理.结果表明,砒砂岩具有较强的吸附性,能够有效吸附Pb(Ⅱ),其吸附效果受铅浓度、吸附剂用量及pH、离子强度(IS)的影响强烈,即:随pH的增大,吸附量提高,但随离子强度的增大,吸附量却降低.3种颜色的砒砂岩对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附均在30 min内达到平衡,吸附速率大小表现为灰色白色红色,其吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型.在试验浓度范围内,Freundlich和D-R模型能够较好地模拟砒砂岩对Pb(Ⅱ)的等温吸附特性,3种砒砂岩均是以非均匀孔隙或表面为主要吸附位.结合吸附模型和FTIR表征,吸附机理以静电吸附、离子交换为主,辅以部分化学吸附和一部分化学沉淀综合起作用.     

中国南方砂(页)岩铜矿床硫同位素地球化学研究

以中国南方著名的滇中和会理盆地砂页岩铜矿床宏观地质特征和硫同位素分析数据为基础，系统地研究了我国南方砂页岩铜矿床硫同位素组成特征。首次用筛分模式、分馏效应对硫同位素总体进行评分，结果表明硫主要有三个来源：有机质分解或还原流酸盐，占11．3％；地下水，占42．5％；热卤水，占46．2％。本研究为该类型矿床的成因、成矿地球化学环境及指导区域找矿勘探等提供了重要依据。