生活垃圾填埋产沼的提取净化利用

垃圾填埋是目前我国各城市广为采用的垃圾处理方式，但垃圾填埋产沼以后对沼气的回收利用却不被人们所熟知和重视。由此造成了对可开发利用的二次能源的极大浪费，而沼气对周围环境也造成了严重的污染并对大气臭氧层造成了破坏。本文阐述了垃圾填埋产沼回收的必要性和经济性，对垃圾填埋产沼提取利用、制取汽车压缩气的可行性及工艺流程进行了分析和介绍。     

固化飞灰形状及填埋方式对重金属浸出的影响

为探究成型形状和填埋方式对生活垃圾焚烧飞灰固化体中重金属浸出的影响，设置固化体尺寸分别为10×10×10cm、10×10×2.5cm、DN=3cm（球），同时设置码放、散乱堆放2种填埋方式进行动态浸出试验.结果表明，在固化体开裂前，球状与长方体、整齐码放与散乱堆放的浸出液pH值存在显著差异；单位质量固化体重金属Pb、Zn、Cr累积浸出量随固液接触面积、堆填散乱度、液固比的增大而增加，固化稳定化飞灰中重金属的浸出符合缩芯模型且主要由扩散过程控制，试验前段Pb、Zn、Cr的2种速率常数与固化体成型比表面积、堆填散乱度、液固比正相关.因此，要减少生活垃圾焚烧厂原灰中重金属的浸出，提高生活垃圾填埋场共处置飞灰固化稳定化产物的安全性，固化体成型时应尽量缩小比表面积同时避免散乱填埋.     

锰渣填埋场渗滤液及周边水体的水化学特征和质量评价

本文在分析锰渣填埋场区渗滤液及周边水体水化学组成的基础上,运用改进的水质量指数(WQI)进行了水质评价,阐述了填埋场渗滤液对下游水体的影响过程。结果表明,研究区渗滤液pH呈中性偏酸性,EC在1 780~44 500μS/cm之间,渗滤液中NH4-N、Mn2+、Mg2+、SO2-4、NO-3的浓度较高,并呈现SO2-4Mn2+Mg2+NH+4-N的特征,并且浓度与堆存时间呈负相关性。填埋场下游水体的重金属浓度微量,但NH4-N和Mn2+浓度较高,均超过GB 3838—2002和GB/T 14848—93规定的限值,其中2014年5月份某地下水的这两个参数分别超标243倍和488倍。改进的WQI指数评价结果显示,地表水的渗滤液水污染指数(LWPI)值在2.89~7.83之间,受影响的地下水为172,说明渗滤液已对锰渣填埋场下游水体造成严重影响。     

生活垃圾填埋场建设项目环保验收调查方法研究简

垃圾填埋场建设项目的主要环境问题包括：渗沥液排放、地下水环境污染、大气环境污染、噪声污染、景观变化和环境安全。根据工作经验,建立了包括建设项目基本情况、生态环境影响、社会环境影响、生态环境保护措施四大类调查监测指标为核心的环保验收调查指标体系,提出了文件资料核实、现场勘查、遥感调查、公众意见调查、环境监测和摄影法为主的建设项目竣工环保验收调查技术方法。     

我国饮用水卫生标准的变化与发展探讨

通过对我国新旧《生活饮用水卫生标准》和国外饮用水卫生标准的差别比较,结合对国际上发达国家的饮用水卫生标准发展趋势的探讨;表明新的《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)更具先进性,与国际标准接轨;同时其可操作性更强,又与我国国情贴近。     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in a simulated modified biocover reactor

A simulated landfill biocover microcosm consisting of a modifying ceramsite material and compost were investigated. Results show that the mixture can improve the material porosity and achieve a stable and highly efficient (100%) methane oxidation over an extended operating period. The diversity of the methanotrophic community in the microcosm was assessed. Type I methanotrophs were enhanced in the microcosm due to the increased air diffusion and distribution, whereas the microbial diversity and population density of type II methanotrophs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the type I methanotrophic community structure significantly varied with the reactor height, whereas that of type II methanotrophic communities did not exhibit a spatial variation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that type I methanotroph-based nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) resulted in the detection of eight different populations, most of which are related to Methylobacter sp., whereas that of type II resulted in the detection of nine different populations, most of which are related to Methylocystaceae. Methanotrophic community analysis also indicated that a number of new methanotrophic genera not closely related to any known methanotrophic populations were present.     

某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

水解酸化-接触氧化法处理生活污水的工艺设计

厂区生活污水有机物及悬浮颗粒含量高,可生化性好。采用水解酸化-接触氧化法(厌氧/好氧)处理生活污水,目前系统运行稳定,出水各项指标达到国家GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级排放标准。设计处理能力为1 500 m3/d,处理后出水进入厂区回用水池。     

泥炭预处理吸附垃圾渗滤液中的COD

通过对泥炭改性去除水中COD进行了试验研究。探讨了磷酸、硫酸、盐酸、硝酸和氢氧化钠对COD去除效果的影响和吸附机理。结果表明,在酸、碱改性过程中,用5%的硫酸改性的泥炭去除COD的效果最佳,改性泥炭用量为每10 g/100 mL,吸附时间为60 min,pH为10的试验条件下,COD的去除率为68.5%以上,磷酸较硫酸次之,去除率为55%左右,而盐酸和硝酸较差分别为45%和38%,氢氧化钠为40%左右。并对其吸附机理进行了研究,其吸附等温线符合Freundlich型。通过扫描电镜观察泥炭表面的结构,硫酸改性后的泥炭表面结构比较粗糙,比表面积最大,与实验结果相吻合。用原子吸收法对泥炭处理前后的水样进行比较,表明泥炭对重金属也有很好的去除率。本研究为泥炭利用提供了可借鉴的思路。