城市生活垃圾土的强度机理及复合幂、指数应力-应变模型

根据垃圾土的大中型三轴压缩实验结果,分析了垃圾土的抗剪强度机理。垃圾土的抗剪强度是由剪切带上各成分间的摩擦和纤维加筋相产生的拉力共同提供,剪切变形初期主要以摩擦为主,随着变形的增加纤维加筋相产生的拉力所发挥的作用逐渐增强。基于三轴压缩实验结果,建立了垃圾土的复合幂、指数应力-应变模型,该模型参数少且具有明确的物理意义,即可反映应变较小和应变较大时的非线性特性,也可反映应变较大时垃圾土明显的加工硬化特性,特别是应力-应变关系曲线增长性向上翘的特征。与实验结果相比,该模型的相关系数均达到0.98以上。     

卫生用农药对居室环境影响与评价

研究了以拟除虫菊酯类农药为主要配方的各种类型卫生用农药在居室介质材料上的降解速率及残留时间。试验表明，拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕毒性极大。推荐ＳＯＳ／Ｕｍｕ原位法测定家庭卫生用农药的致遗传毒性，该法简便、准确，并能根据酶诱导率了解毒性程度，剂量－反应关系明显。     

软土地基上生活垃圾卫生填埋场的岩土工程问题与对策

生活垃圾卫生填埋场是处理固体废弃物的有效方法之一.尽管国内外学者对与垃圾填埋场相关的许多问题已经做了大量的研究工作,但是对软土地基上填埋场可能引起的一些岩土工程问题研究不多.针对软土地基上的填埋场,分析了填埋场在建设与运营过程将会遇到的若干岩土工程问题.针对填埋场的沉降、稳定性等问题,提出了将垃圾荷载看作变量对地基沉降进行计算和设计.考虑垃圾体的稳定性,分析由于地基破坏而引起的整体稳定性问题和变形引起的衬里系统的内部稳定性问题,研究地基处理的可行性和适应性,并加强填埋过程中的岩土工程监测工作.     

深圳玉龙坑垃圾填埋场填埋气体产生量预测研究

通过综合垃圾填埋量、垃圾组分、以及气候特点等因素，采用二阶段复合产气速率模型对玉龙坑填埋场封场前后填埋气体产生量情况进行了预测。预测结果表明玉龙坑填埋场在封场后10年内仍有较大量的填埋气体产生，若不加以妥善处理将会产生安全隐患，若加以利用会产生经济效益。该模型的应用可为垃圾填埋场进行填埋气体产生量预测及收集处理系统的设计、管理提供合理的依据。     

城市生活垃圾的综合处理技术与发展方向

随着社会经济的发展和城市化进程的不断加快，生活垃圾已成为我国城市环境卫生面临的紧迫问题。大量垃圾的产生，不但占用大量的土地，还会给周围环境带来一系列的问题。在综合分析评述卫生填埋，焚烧，堆肥3种主要处理技术及各自优缺点的基础上提出了我国应实行中转站分选后，多凶化综合处理系统的垃圾处理方式。     

生活垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶粒径分布及种群特征

卫生填埋是一种常用的生活垃圾处置方法.在倾倒、堆放、推平和压实等垃圾填埋过程中,有大量带有致病菌的微生物气溶胶逸散,污染空气,危害人体健康.本研究在华北地区某生活垃圾卫生填埋场设置采样点,采集空气中的细菌气溶胶,解析细菌气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和种群特征,研究空气温度、相对湿度以及风速对细菌气溶胶逸散的影响.结果表明,作业区和覆盖区空气细菌浓度分别为(5 437±572) CFU·m~(-3)和(2 707±396) CFU·m~(-3).垃圾渗滤液处理区空气中的细菌气溶胶浓度最高,平均为9 460 CFU·m~(-3).细菌气溶胶的浓度呈现明显的季节变化,夏季浓度明显高于其他季节.冗余分析(RDA)显示,气象参数如相对湿度、温度和风速,显著影响细菌气溶胶在空气中的数量.作业区和覆盖区空气细菌粒径分布高峰分别在2. 1～4. 7μm和0. 65～2. 1μm.渗滤液处理逸散的细菌气溶胶大部分大于4. 7μm. Moraxellaceae,Bacillus aerius,Arcobacter以及Aeromonas是垃圾填埋场细菌气溶胶中检出潜在或机会致病菌.     

Comparative assessment of respiratory and other occupational health effects among elementary workers

Objective. This study was conducted to assess hazards faced by elementary workers. Methods. A questionnaire survey and a respiratory function test (spirometry) were carried out on 150 respondents. Results. Major hazards identified related to sharp objects, heavy weight lifting, thermally harsh conditions, working at height, whole body vibration, chemicals, pathogens, increased noise levels and confined space entry. Workers suffered from upper and lower respiratory disorder symptoms, digestive problems, optical and musculoskeletal issues, etc. Spirometric measurement showed obstructive lung disorders to be highest among construction workers (CW) (48%) followed by sanitation workers (SW) (32%) and solid waste pickers (SWP) (28%). Restrictive lung pattern was dominant among SW (56%) followed by SWP (46%) and CW (42%). The observed FEV₁/FVC in diseased SWP, SW and CW ranged from 51 to 96%, from 52 to 98% and from 31 to 99% respectively while observed mean FEV₁ was 2.15, 1.79 and 1.70 L, respectively. Conclusion. The study findings show that occupational exposure can significantly influence respiratory system impairment and contribute to other ailments among elementary workers. The study recommends use of appropriate protective equipment and regular medical examination for early recognition of any health risk so that timely interventions for effective management may be undertaken.     

我国填埋渗滤液产量影响因素分析及估算方法构建

在综述已有研究结果的基础上,构建了适合我国国情的渗滤液产量估算方法,根据来源将渗滤液概化为降水和垃圾自产水2部分.采用HELP模型获得31个典型城市气候特征下的渗出系数取值;按照产生原理,垃圾自产水分为压缩产水和降解产水,分别建立估算公式并给出田间持水率和组分降解率的取值建议.应用此方法,估算了10个城市的填埋渗滤液产生量.发现在填埋40a内,垃圾自产水占渗滤液总量的52%~82%,说明垃圾自产水的贡献不可忽视.我国不同地区的降水渗出系数和生活垃圾性质差异,使得填埋渗滤液产量具有显著的地域差异性,在选择渗滤液处理方式时应因地制宜.     

现代卫生填埋工程研究与分析

现代卫生填埋工程是一种安全、有效、有控制地处理城市固体废弃物的方法,其涉及众多学科,属于环境安全、生态安全、工业安全、卫生安全共同关注的问题。城市及工业废料的卫生填埋工程目的是实现减量化、无害化和资源化,形成一个安全、有效、严格控制、环境生态保护,经济化、无害化、资源化科学发展的循环体系。笔者介绍国内外现代卫生填埋工程的研究概况,详细论述现有填埋场的研究内容,指出其中存在的主要问题与不足,并在此基础上探讨了该领域的发展趋势及研究方向。     

WATER RECLAMATION BY PHYSICOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER1

ABSTRACT. Treatment of a high strength acidic industrial chemical waste, which had a COD of about 3000 mg/1 and a pH of 3, was attempted by activated carbon adsorption to evaluate the feasibility of yielding effluents of reusable qualities. The experimental methods which were employed in this investigation included batch and column studies. The former was used to evaluate the rate and equilibrium of carbon adsorption while the latter was used to determine treatment efficiencies and performance characteristics. Parallel operations of fixed-bed and expanded-bed adsorbers were contrasted in the column study. Results of this investication indicate that activated carbon was very efficient in removing the COD of the chemical waste. Initial pH adjustments for the wastewater to 7.0 or 11.4 did not increase the COD removal efficiency. Turbidity and nitrogen (total Kjeldahl- and ammonia-N) were removed to some extents by the carbon bed adsorbers while phosphorus (total-and ortho-P) was totally unaffected by the carbon treatment.