基于MODIS AOD数据的南京市大气能见度估算

以南京市为研究区,利用MODIS气溶胶产品数据(MOD04L2)获取研究区气溶胶标高数据,结合地面气象站点能见度观测数据,构建研究区不同季节能见度估算模型,估算南京市2013年能见度时空分布。研究结果表明,研究区能见度模型估算值与实测值总体趋势较为一致,分季节模型能见度估算均值相对误差为14.3%;南京市2013年能见度年均值为6.07km,大致呈现出由市区向周边郊区逐渐升高的趋势;研究区不同季节能见度差异明显,夏季能见度显著高于其他3个季节,在该季节全市能见度均值达到9.93km,约为其余3个季节均值的2倍左右,气候状况与经济社会发展布局是影响研究区能见度时空差异的主要因素。     

2005～2013年中国地区对流层二氧化氮分布及变化趋势

利用OMI探测器资料反演的对流层NO2柱浓度,结合REAS东亚地区NOx排放清单,ECMWF地面10m风场数据和中国统计年鉴中相关统计数据,研究了2005~2013年中国地区对流层NO2柱浓度的空间分布和长期变化趋势,NO2柱浓度的季节差异与排放源和地面风场的关系,以及国家政策实施情况与NO2柱浓度的关系.结果表明:中国地区NO2对流层柱浓度的高值区主要分布在华北地区、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲以及四川盆地等人口密集、人类活动频繁的大型城市和地区.NO2对流层柱浓度的变化存在东西部差异,值得注意的是东部在2011年之前基本表现为增加,但在2011年以后表现为下降,且与2011年相比年平均浓度下降了7.1%.工业氮氧化物排放总量的下降是2011年后NO2浓度下降的一个重要原因.西部浓度低于东部,但近9a浓度基本表现为增长.对流层柱浓度存在明显的季节差异,东部地区及大型城市基本表现为冬季高、夏季低.NOx人为排放源的季节差异是NO2浓度季节差异的重要因素之一,同时气象条件的作用不可忽视.     

卫星伸展机构的图示评审技术应用

目的解决卫星伸展机构参数表现形式多样且不确定的问题。方法运用图示评审技术,构建MU-GERT网络模型,并将参数统一用广义灰数表征。考虑解析算法的复杂性,提出针对该网络模型的矩阵式表征方法,并设计出矩阵式求解算法,便于运用计算机编程进行准确快速的求解。结果用MU-GERT网络模型计算概率不确定时制作一个合格卫星伸展机构需要的时间,仿真模拟出制作出一个合格卫星伸展机构的期望与机会。结论为图示评审技术在卫星伸展机构研制中的应用提供了研究思路和经验借鉴。     

卫星观测资料改进活性VOCs源排放及其对臭氧模拟影响

本文以INTEX-B （Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B）人为源、FINNv1（Fire Inventory from NCAR version 1）生物质燃烧源、MEGAN （Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature）生物源作为基准源,用2005~2007年3a的OMI观测资料作为参考,使用WRF-chem模式,建立了卫星观测数据与地面排放VOCs源数据的回归方程,通过OMI观测资料的约束,人为源在目前污染最为严重的京津冀、长三角、珠三角3个城市群区域分别增加了1.51倍、1.87倍和1.93倍,生物质燃烧源在3个区域分别增加了12.2倍、6.15倍和2.27倍,生物源在3个区域分别增加了1.66、1.31和1.21倍,增加后的浓度分布与前人研究结论有较好的一致性.使用改进后的源清单模拟结果来看,不同季节,3个区域O₃浓度均有不同幅度的增加,各季节增幅较大的区域均主要集中在京津冀、长三角和珠三角中心城市及周边区域,与我国大型城市区基本都是VOCs敏感区的结论一致.整体而言,VOCs源强改进后,NO_x敏感区O₃浓度增加幅度不大,不超过4×10^-9,而部分VOCs敏感区增幅超过20×10^-9.本文所提供的方法可进一步改进后在大气污染相关研究中,特别是模式源清单研究中广泛使用.     

Radioactivity Monitored From Moored Oceanographic Buoys

The principles and operation of a gamma radiation sensor mounted on oceanographic buoys are described. the sensor has proved rugged in severe weather conditions and has satisfactory detection limits and accuracy. Continuous monitoring of artificially produced γ-emitters such as ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³¹I, ¹³³I, ¹³²Te, naturally occuring emitters such as ⁴⁰k and ²¹⁴Bi in open sea conditions can provide important information in critical situations.     

SATELLITE DETECTION OF SEICHES IN GREAT SALT LAKE,UTAH1

ABSTRACT: On June 15, 1977, an unusual brightness anomaly was detected in the north arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah, on NOAA-5 Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) visible band imagery and on Landsat-2 multispectral visual band imagery. Retrospective inspection of NOAA-3, 4, and 5 satellite imagery from 1974–77 revealed 12 previous cases of the anomaly, whereas post monitoring documented nine other cases through May 1978. Comparison of lake levels in the north arm with meteorological parameters leads to the conclusion that the anomalous brightness is associated with wind induced seiches in the north arm. Apparently the wind induces a lower water depth, turbulence, and mixing throughout the water column in the western third of the north arm, thus increasing the brightness of the surface waters chiefly from sediment resuspension.     

泥石流预报中的多层降水预报/监测系统

利用数值天气预报、静止气象卫星云图、天气雷达回波和遥测雨量等4种方法,进行了大气降水的预报与监测,构建了不同时间尺度满足不同精度的降水预报和监测体系,通过与下垫面中地形和地质等条件的耦合,为不同时间尺度的泥石流预报系统提供了相应的降水预报支持,以满足不同层次的泥石流减灾要求.     

极轨气象卫星遥感资料用于陕西洪涝灾害监测

介绍了利用极轨气象卫星遥感监测洪涝灾害的原理、监测方法和资料处理流程，以及对1996年初黄河陕西段凌汛的成功动态监测的实例。     

On East Asian Sand and Duststorms and Associated Significant Dustfall Observed from January to May 2001

Monitoring of dust pollution at the western shore of Tae-ahn Peninsula (TAP) and in the Chongju area of central Korea was carried out from January to May 2001. It was found that in Koreathere were 9 cases of sand and duststorms (DS) and 16 associatedsignificant dustfall (SD) days. Observed maximum concentrations of DS and SD coming from NW China and Mongolia were in the rangeof 300–920 for TSP, 200–690 for PM₁₀ and 100–170 g m^-3 for PM_2.5.Satellite measurements clearly showed the formation and subsequent movement of DS to the Korean Peninsula and onward to the Korea East Sea, Japan and the Gulf of Alaska. According to satellite image analysis of dust clouds there were abundant coarse particles, measuring in size of 11.0 m. Medium-sizedparticles measuring in the range of 3.5–7.0 were also prevalent,while fine particles of less than 2.0 m were less distinctive in reflectivity. Measured values of PM_2.5 were alsorelatively low with SD events.The measured average pH values of dusty precipitation associatedwith DS were 7.24. Alkaline precipitation can play a `temporary'role in the neutralization of acidified soil until the subsequentevent of acidic rain. The new selection criteria of SD days from PM_2.5 at 85 g m^-3, PM₁₀ 190 g m^-3 and TSP 250 g m^-3 are recommended on dust pollution occurring from the invasion of a DS elsewhere.     

Decision Support System for Managing Oil Spill Events

The Mediterranean environment is exposed to various hazards, including oil spills, forest fires, and floods, making the development of a decision support system (DSS) for emergency management an objective of utmost importance. The present work presents a complete DSS for managing marine pollution events caused by oil spills. The system provides all the necessary tools for early detection of oil-spills from satellite images, monitoring of their evolution, estimation of the accident consequences and provision of support to responsible Public Authorities during clean-up operations. The heart of the system is an image processing–geographic information system and other assistant individual software tools that perform oil spill evolution simulation and all other necessary numerical calculations as well as cartographic and reporting tasks related to a specific management of the oil spill event. The cartographic information is derived from the extant general maps representing detailed information concerning several regional environmental and land-cover characteristics as well as financial activities of the application area. Early notification of the authorities with up-to-date accurate information on the position and evolution of the oil spill, combined with the detailed coastal maps, is of paramount importance for emergency assessment and effective clean-up operations that would prevent environmental hazard. An application was developed for the Region of Crete, an area particularly vulnerable to oil spills due to its location, ecological characteristics, and local economic activities.