利用RADARSAT SWA SAR和LANDSAT TM的互补信息确定洪水水体范围

从RADARSAT SAR图像中自动提取洪水水体,一直是一个急需解决而又未能得到解决的问题。主要困难是由于阴影与水体严重相混淆。为此,本文研究发现,通过RADARSAT SWA SAR图像和LANDSAT TM图像上的互补信息,利用RADARSAT SWA SAR图像和LANDSAT TM图像上的水体和阴影进行复合处理,可以从RADARSAT SWA SAR图像上准确、半自动提取洪水水体范围。研究结果表明,该方法不仅适用于平地洪水水体范围的半自动提取,而且更适用于包含山区的大范围洪水水体的半自动提取。     

基于高分遥感的危险化学品重大危险源安全布局动态管控研究*

为遏制危险化学品重特大安全事故,解决传统安全监测手段的空间局限性问题,结合高分遥感与数值模拟技术,开展危险化学品重大危险源区域安全布局动态管控研究。利用数值模拟技术模拟并确定危险化学品重大危险源重点管控范围;基于高分遥感影像提出适用于危险化学品重大危险源安全布局动态管控的变化检测方法,动态监测安全防护范围内的建筑、道路等人工构筑物的变化情况,严控事故影响范围内的人工构筑物密度;以内江市隆桥化工为实例开展示范应用。结果表明:高分遥感技术能够高效监测危险化学品重大危险源安全防护范围内的工程建设情况,有助于危险化学品企业保持足够的外部安全防护距离,降低危险化学品重特大安全事故风险。     

环境一号卫星CCD数据在生态环境监测和评价工作中的应用价值研究

基于环境一号卫星CCD传感器性能,从生态景观角度入手,针对江苏省地形地貌特征,开展了环境一号卫星CCD数据在生态环境监测和评价工作中的应用可行性研究,结果表明环境一号卫星CCD数据可以满足江苏省生态环境监测和评价工作需要,其时间分辨率和幅宽是开展生态监控和预警的重要优势。     

天水市大气SO2浓度时空变化特征的卫星遥感监测与影响分析

大气卫星遥感监测作为一种新型监测手段,具有范围广、速度快、成本低等优势,对环境应急保护及其预警都具有非常重要的意义。选取天水市2006—2013年各年12月每日OMI level-2数据产品,利用Aura卫星技术和Arc GIS等技术平台,对天水市大气中SO_2的时空分布规律和污染原因进行了分析研究。结果表明:2006—2013年天水市SO_2柱浓度及其总量呈现出明显增加的趋势,但在2008年有小幅降低;在2008年以前,天水市SO_2浓度呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的趋势,但自2009年后污染重心发生迁移并且出现了数个集中化的SO_2高值区;研究区SO_2垂直柱浓度有自然因素、人类活动等多方面的复合影响,其中能源消耗及机动车尾气排放是主要影响因素。研究进一步讨论了遥感数据产品的应用前景。     

Measuring Plant Cover in Sagebrush Steppe Rangelands: A Comparison of Methods

Methods that are more cost-effective and objective are needed to detect important vegetation change within acceptable error rates. The objective of this research was to compare visual estimation to three new methods for determining vegetation cover in the sagebrush steppe. Fourteen management units at the US Sheep Experiment Station were identified for study. In each unit, 20 data collection points were selected for measuring plant cover using visual estimation, laser-point frame (LPF), 2 m above-ground-level (AGL) digital imagery, and 100-m AGL digital imagery. In 11 of 14 management units, determinations of vegetation cover differed (P < 0.05). However, when combined, overall determinations of vegetation cover did not differ. Standard deviation, corrected sums of squares, coefficient of variation, and standard error for the 100 m AGL method were half as large as for the LPF and less than the 2-m AGL and visual estimate. For the purpose of measuring plant cover, all three new methods are as good as or better than visual estimation for speed, standard deviation, and cost. The acquisition of a permanent image of a location is an important advantage of the 2 and 100 m AGL methods because vegetation can be reanalyzed using improved software or to answer different questions, and changes in vegetation over time can be more accurately determined. The reduction in cost per sample, the increased speed of sampling, and the smaller standard deviation associated with the 100-m AGL digital imagery are compelling arguments for adopting this vegetation sampling method.     

Application of remote and in situ information to the management of wetlands in Poland

The protection and regeneration of wetlands has been of crucial importance as a goal in ecological research and in nature conservation for some time and is more important than ever now. Knowledge about the biophysical properties of wetlands' vegetation retrieved from satellite images enables us to improve the monitoring of these unique areas, which are otherwise very often impenetrable and therefore difficult to examine, analyze and assess by means of site visits. The Biebrza Wetlands are situated in the North-East part of Poland and are one of the largest areas made up of marshes and swamps in the entire EU. This is still one of the wildest areas and one of the least destroyed, damaged or changed by human impact. However, in the recent decades there have been attempts made to intensify and overexploit the natural resources of the region and implement new agriculture practices in the area. In this period, drainage canals have been built, and a good deal of the area has been drained. The area of this precious ecosystem covers 25 494 ha. This valuable area of peat with unique vegetation species and with very special birds is one of the most valuable areas in Europe and in 1995 was added to the list of Ramsar sites. The investigation of wetlands in the Biebrza River Valley has been carried out at ground level by taking measurements of soil moisture, evapotranspiration, Leaf Area Index, wet and dry biomass and the levels of ground water and meteorological parameters. Also examined were radiative temperature, detailed vegetation mapping, and APAR. For some years the deterioration of peat lands has been noticed due to the drying out of the area and the frequent outbreak of fires. The consequence is the succession of new vegetation and the appearance of new ecosystems. The Remote Sensing Centre in the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography has undertaken the investigation by applying ERS-2.SAR and ENVISAT ASAR of IS2 and IS4 and VV, HH, HV polarization for the purpose of modeling soil moisture and humidity changes of the area under investigation. The investigation also aimed at finding the best biophysical properties of wetlands' vegetation to characterize marshland habitats and its changes. At the same time as registering the microwave data, the optical data from Landsat ETM+, SPOT VEGETATION, ERS-2.ATSR, ENVISAT MERIS, and NOAA/AVHRR have been registered and information about the biomass and heat fluxes as sensible and latent heat has also been calculated. The vegetation indices are calculated from EO satellite data taking into account jointly the features of vegetation responsible for reflection in various bands and combining this information from several spectral bands. Also, the changes in the humidity of the area have been examined by extracting the backscattering coefficients from two SAR images that were taken at a similar period of the year but with a gap of 5 years. The information about soil moisture as retention, soil moisture changes, heat fluxes and evapotranspiration are all very important for estimates of CO(2) sequestration. The ENVISAT images have been obtained for the ESA AO-ID122 project. Also the SMOS and ALOS data will be applied for the Biebrza Wetlands in the future.     

Disaster management and mitigation: the telecommunications infrastructure

Among the most typical consequences of disasters is the near or complete collapse of terrestrial telecommunications infrastructures (especially the distribution network–the 'last mile') and their concomitant unavailability to the rescuers and the higher echelons of mitigation teams. Even when such damage does not take place, the communications overload/congestion resulting from significantly elevated traffic generated by affected residents can be highly disturbing. The paper proposes innovative remedies to the telecommunications difficulties in disaster struck regions. The offered solutions are network-centric operations-cap able, and can be employed in management of disasters of any magnitude (local to national or international). Their implementation provide ground rescue teams (such as law enforcement, firemen, healthcare personnel, civilian authorities) with tactical connectivity among themselves, and, through the Next Generation Network backbone, ensure the essential bidirectional free flow of information and distribution of Actionable Knowledge among ground units, command/control centres, and civilian and military agencies participating in the rescue effort.     

利用国产环境减灾卫星遥感信息估测春小麦产量——以内蒙古陈巴尔虎旗地区为例

以内蒙古春小麦产区陈巴尔虎旗为研究实例,采用遥感方法,利用分辨率30 m的国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI数据对春小麦单产进行预测。研究选取了该卫星2009年7月29日春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI数据,同时,建立其与春小麦单产间关系,运用数理统计与回归分析方法构建了春小麦乳黄熟期的NDVI与其单产的估产模型。利用地面实测春小麦单产对估产模型估测的单产进行精度检验,结果表明,基于影像提取的NDVI与春小麦实测单产有较好的抛物线状(y=cx²+bx+a)相关关系,NDVI与春小麦实测单产的相关关系达到显著水平,其相关系数R为0.87,单产相差160 kg/hm²,相对误差为-3.89%。表明利用国产环境减灾卫星的NDVI与实测春小麦单产建立的估产模型,对成熟前春小麦的单产进行估测,其估产精度也同样可达到与利用国外卫星的预估效益。     

辽河流域非点源污染空间特征遥感解析

应用遥感技术研究了辽河流域非点源污染发生特征.将环境卫星遥感数据耦合非点源(non-point Source,NPS)污染负荷估算模型,探索基于遥感像元尺度的非点源污染估算方法,目的是分析2010年辽河流域非点源污染特征,从而明确非点源污染的重点防治区和防治措施,为辽河流域水环境污染防治提供技术支持.结果表明,2010年辽河流域总氮排放量为10.3万t,总磷排放量为0.68万t,化学需氧量排放量为13.1万t,氨氮排放量为1.8万t;目前,对于辽河流域主要的非点源污染类型为农业面源;2010年辽河流域面源污染对水质污染的贡献率表现为总氮67.4%,总磷76.4%,化学需氧量39.4%和氨氮21.9%;空间分布上辽河流域的南部是污染最严重的地区,其次是东北部.本研究结合遥感技术发展了以遥感像元为基本模拟单位的非点源污染负荷估算方法,明确了2010年辽河流域的非点源污染产生量和空间分布特征,为辽河流域污染治理防治工作提供了理论依据.     

大气气溶胶性质及其卫星遥感反演

论述了大气气溶胶的物理性质(含微物理性质)、化学性质及光学性质,特别是黑碳气溶胶的物理、化学和光学性质及其对气候强迫作用和对人居环境的影响,同时对光化学形成的二次气溶胶进行了简要介绍.指出一般气溶胶具有负气候强迫效应,而黑碳气溶胶具有较强的正气候强迫效应.在分析影响气溶胶性质的各种因素时发现,气溶胶性质除受外在环境因素影响外,也受内在的自身因素的相互影响.对卫星遥感气溶胶的原理及其在卫星遥感反演中气溶胶多种性质间复杂的相互关系进行了论述,并针对未来气溶胶的研究提出建议.