基于OMI数据的新冠疫情影响下福建省臭氧敏感性变化

基于OMI卫星数据,利用臭氧敏感性指示剂法研究了福建省及其九地市在COVID-19疫情影响下不同时间阶段大气臭氧敏感性特征以及不同情景下敏感性的变化规律.结果表明,在疫情前,福建省的大气臭氧生成控制区面积占比情况为VOC_S控制区占46.5%、协同控制区占25.0%、NO_x控制区占28.5%,以VOCs控制区为主,其中厦门市占比最高,南平市最低;在严控期,VOC_S控制区占29.5%、协同控制区占21.1%、NO_x控制区面积占49.4%,以NO_x控制区为主,其中宁德市占比最高,莆田市最低;在平稳期,VOC_S控制区占23.1%、协同控制区占29.1%、NO_x控制区占47.8%,以NO_x控制区为主,其中南平市占比最高,厦门市最低.与疫情前相比,严控期厦门市VOC_S控制区面积占比减少最多（38.1%）、最少的是三明市（7.9%）;从转化结果来看,第一类城市包括莆田市、泉州市、厦门市,敏感区变化受前体物HCHO、NO₂共同影响,而第二类城市主要受NO₂柱浓度变化影响.因此,第一类城市臭氧调控更加复杂.     

利用TM影像反演广州市气溶胶光学厚度空间分布

利用2005年7月18日摄录的广州市TM影像,在相关研究基础上建立了适合于复杂大气状况城市尺度的气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)反演模型,研究了广州市30m空间分辨率的AOD空同分布,并与同期的广州市地面9个空气质量监测站的PM10浓度进行比较.结果表明,利用TM影像较好地反演了广州市AOD空间分布.地形、植被、建成区分布是影响广州市AOD空间分布的主要因素,AOD按照高山植被区、靠近建成区的山地植被区、建成区与平原植被区的顺序逐渐增加.地面监测的PM10浓度与AOD的相关系数为0.717,基于TM影像反演的AOD可较好地反映当日地面污染物PM10的空间分布.     

基于欧洲航天局“哨兵-2A”卫星的太湖蓝藻遥感监测

欧洲航天局(ESA)2015年6月23日成功发射"哨兵-2A"卫星,该卫星搭载的多光谱成像仪(MSI)在可见光(VIS)至短波红外(SWIR)波长区间配置了多种光谱波段/地面分辨率组合,可以获取大范围、较短重访周期、较高空间分辨率(10 m)的遥感影像。以太湖2016年6月13日MSI数据为例,在完成大气校正的基础上,分析了太湖典型地物类型光谱特征,采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)结合叶绿素反射峰强度(ρchl)构建的综合阈值法对贡湖湾的蓝藻水华信息进行了提取实验。结果表明:"哨兵-2A"卫星MSI影像质量清晰,可精细地反映植被、蓝藻、水体等典型地物类型的光谱特征;ρchl指数对中-高蓝藻聚集区与水生植被、轻度蓝藻聚集区与混合水体具有较好的分离能力;利用综合阈值法提取贡湖湾中-高蓝藻聚集区面积为60.37 km2,主要分布在贡湖北部沿岸、湖心和南部沿岸。"藻-水"混悬体面积为79.49 km2,贡湖湾东部蓝藻水华相对较轻。     

Long‐Range Movement of Humpback Whales and Their Overlap with Anthropogenic Activity in the South Atlantic Ocean

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are managed by the International Whaling Commission as 7 primary populations that breed in the tropics and migrate to 6 feeding areas around the Antarctic. There is little information on individual movements within breeding areas or migratory connections to feeding grounds. We sought to better understand humpback whale habitat use and movements at breeding areas off West Africa, and during the annual migration to Antarctic feeding areas. We also assessed potential overlap between whale habitat and anthropogenic activities. We used Argos satellite‐monitored radio tags to collect data on 13 animals off Gabon, a primary humpback whale breeding area. We quantified habitat use for 3 cohorts of whales and used a state‐space model to determine transitions in the movement behavior of individuals. We developed a spatial metric of overlap between whale habitat and models of cumulative human activities, including oil platforms, toxicants, and shipping. We detected strong heterogeneity in movement behavior over time that is consistent with previous genetic evidence of multiple populations in the region. Breeding areas for humpback whales in the eastern Atlantic were extensive and extended north of Gabon late in the breeding season. We also observed, for the first time, direct migration between West Africa and sub‐Antarctic feeding areas. Potential overlap of whale habitat with human activities was the highest in exclusive economic zones close to shore, particularly in areas used by both individual whales and the hydrocarbon industry. Whales potentially overlapped with different activities during each stage of their migration, which makes it difficult to implement mitigation measures over their entire range. Our results and existing population‐level data may inform delimitation of populations and actions to mitigate potential threats to whales as part of local, regional, and international management of highly migratory marine species. Cuantificación de los Movimientos de Gran Amplitud y el Traslape Potencial con Actividad Antropogénica y las Ballenas Jorobadas en el Océano Atlántico Sur     

基于卫星和地面观测的2013年以来我国臭氧时空分布及变化特征

采用卫星和地面观测臭氧（O₃）浓度,分析2013年以来我国O₃的时空分布和年际变化特征.卫星观测对流层O₃总量和地面观测O₃浓度分布相互印证,我国高浓度O₃主要分布在东部人口密集、经济发达的区域,并且呈现夏季高、冬季低的季节分布趋势.4个重点关注城市（北京、上海、广州、成都）O₃日变化均呈现单峰分布,最高值在每日15：00~16：00.统计分析发现,4个城市除上海市之外,其他3个城市O₃浓度在周末和工作日没有显著差别,表明O₃的"周末效应"减弱.2013年4月~2018年6月,我国地面观测O₃浓度呈现明显上升趋势.2014~2017年,北京、上海和成都市近地面O₃浓度分别以2.36、3.3和3.6 μg·（m³·a）^-1的速度显著上升.4个城市2014~2017年O₃超标天数占比分别为17.2%（北京）、10.7%（上海）、8.8%（广州）和11.2%（成都）,北京市O₃超标天数最多、超标期间O₃浓度最高,O₃污染最为严重.     

卫星遥感在NOx总量控制中的应用

基于美国Aura卫星臭氧观测仪(OMI)提供的对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度数据,分析2015年北京世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年纪念活动期间和2016年杭州G20峰会期间NO_2柱浓度变化趋势,发现NO_2柱浓度能灵敏地捕捉到地面NO_x排放量的变化状况.因此,本文利用OMI NO_2柱浓度评估"十二五"期间及"十三五"初期我国NO_x排放量的变化状况,结果表明,"十二五"期间我国NO_2柱浓度降幅为24.98%,NO_x减排取得显著成效."十三五"初期,2016年全国NO_2柱浓度相比2015年下降3.18%,NO_x排放量继续下降.     

河北沧州黑龙港地区粮食作物生产潜力估算

本文采用屡次分析法,运用1∶10万TM卫星图象对黑龙港类型区(沧州区域为例)农业生产水平类型划分的结果,分析计算了该区各种类型土地(高、中、低产田)的各级生产潜力和粮食作物生产潜力。得出沧州区域提高粮食生产潜力着眼点在高、中产田,主要措施是增加能量投入,合理用水,改良土壤。     

四川省农用土地资源卫星遥感宏观监测技术方法研究

通过对土地利用类型区的分层技术、卫星遥感抽样技术、样方调查方法、数据库建立、数据汇总与外推方法、数理统计分析与精度评估等６个专题的重点研究，探索出一套四川省农用土地利用现状卫星遥感抽样调查与监测的技术方法。该技术方法实用性和可操作性较强，已在四川省实施应用，完成了１∶１０万农用土地利用现状抽样调查。土地利用类型区分为７个层２５个亚层，抽样数为１１８个，样方大小为１０ｋｍ×１０ｋｍ（即１００ｋm₂），实际抽样率为２．０％。应用结果表明：在合理分层的基础上，采用卫星遥感抽样与地理信息系统相结合的方法，能满足土地利用现状宏观调查与监测的精度要求。     

Estimation of mercury content in tailings of the gold mine area of Poconé, Mato Grosso,Brazil

As in many other parts of the world, gold is produced in the surface mining region of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil, using mercury. The goal of this investigation was to estimate the amount of mercury in certain tailings and to determine the area of the land that has been contaminated by the gold mining operations. Mercury concentrations from 2 to 495 ng/g (dw) were determined in the tailing materials. It was observed that only isolated sites were acting as central points of contamination. Using digital Landsat satellite data (The-matic Mapper) and aerial photos, the sites degraded by the mining were classified, and their total area was estimated to be 12.3 km² in the region of Poconé. It was estimated, that 4.9 km² were occupied by the contaminated tailings. The mean height of the pile slags was determined to be 4.5 m. From the experimentally calculated average density of the material in the tailings, 2.01 g/cm³, the total mercury content in the piles of tailings was estimated to be 1600 ± 350 kg.     

高分辨率卫星遥感数据在突发性环境污染事故应急处理中的应用

对覆盖江苏全省的SPOT5高分辨率卫星遥感数据进行了空间融合处理，建立2．5m分辨率数字正射影像库（DOM），为突发性环境污染事故应急处理提供重要的空间数据服务，可有效指导环境应急监测点位布设、人员疏散，防止污染物对河流、空气、土壤的生态破坏，提高环境预警与应急响应能力。