利用SAGE Ⅱ卫星资料分析青藏高原上空臭氧垂直廓线

利用1985-2002年SAGE Ⅱ卫星资料获取青藏高原地区上空大气臭氧垂直廓线,分析其变化规律.结果表明:①卫星资料与地面臭氧探空资料有很好的一致性;②青藏高原上空大气臭氧垂直廓线存在南北间的差异和季节变化,夏秋季臭氧廓线极大值出现的位置比冬春季高出1～2 km(高原南部)和2～3 km(高原北部);③臭氧数浓度在10～20 km的高度存在明显季节和南北区域差异;④与同纬度其他地区的平均值相比,夏季(6-9月)臭氧低值主要出现在15～20 km的高原对流层顶附近,最低值出现在18 km附近,而冬季这种差异相对较小.      

Examining Landscape Dynamics at a Watershed Scale Using Landsat TM Imagery for Detection of Wintering Hooded Crane Decline in Yashiro,Japan

It is usually inappropriate to define rectangular land areas or administrative units as the extent for quantifying landscapes that possess hierarchical structure. As a functional unit established by geophysical relationships, the watershed is one of many natural scales in the hierarchical landscape. We examined the dynamics of the Yashiro watershed of Japan at the landscape level using pattern metrics based on Landsat thematic mapper (TM) imagery from 1985 to 1998. This watershed provides important habitats for the hooded crane (Grus monachus), a vulnerable species. While its world population has remained stable, the number wintering at Yashiro has declined in recent years. Changes in landscape metrics reveal that the spatial pattern within the watershed underwent homogenization due to depopulation of local people and shifts in local energy requirements and forest management policy at Yashiro. Specific changes include: a decrease in bare land area from 6.2% to 1.0% of the landscape, increased forest cover from 69.2% to 76.1%, reduction in patch number from 1194 to 616 and enlarged mean patch size, and a decrease in total edge from 223,740 m to 158,040 m. The rate of change in landscape metrics indicates a rapid change towards homogeneity in the landscape since 1990. The temporal changes in hooded crane populations corresponded to the changes in landscape. An alternative explanation has been proposed that decline of the species is influenced by landscape dynamics affecting both habitat selection and food resources. Conservation at the watershed scale is suggested to be complementary to the current conservation measures of the species.     

The application of geographic information systems and global positioning systems in humanitarian emergencies: lessons learned,programme implications and future research

Geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning systems and remote sensing have been increasingly used in public health settings since the 1990s, but application of these methods in humanitarian emergencies has been less documented. Recent areas of application of GIS methods in humanitarian emergencies include hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessments; rapid assessment and survey methods; disease distribution and outbreak investigations; planning and implementation of health information systems; data and programme integration; and programme monitoring and evaluation. The main use of GIS in these areas is to provide maps for decision-making and advocacy, which allow overlaying types of information that may not normally be linked. GIS is also used to improve data collection in the field (for example, for rapid health assessments or mortality surveys). Development of GIS methods requires further research. Although GIS methods may save resources and reduce error, initial investment in equipment and capacity building may be substantial. Especially in humanitarian emergencies, equipment and methodologies must be practical and appropriate for field use. Add-on software to process GIS data needs to be developed and modified. As equipment becomes more user-friendly and costs decrease, GIS will become more of a routine tool for humanitarian aid organisations in humanitarian emergencies, and new and innovative uses will evolve.     

Spectrally Driven Classification of High Spatial Resolution,Hyperspectral Imagery: A Tool for Mapping In-Stream Habitat

Streams represent an essential component of functional ecosystems and serve as sensitive indicators of disturbance. Accurate mapping and monitoring of these features is therefore critical, and this study explored the potential to characterize aquatic habitat with remotely sensed data. High spatial resolution, hyperspectral imagery of the Lamar River, Wyoming, USA, was used to examine the relationship between spectrally defined classes and field-mapped habitats. Advantages of this approach included enhanced depiction of fine-scale heterogeneity and improved portrayal of gradational zones between adjacent features. Certain habitat types delineated in the field were strongly associated with specific image classes, but most included areas of diverse spectral character; spatially buffering the field map polygons strengthened this association. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) indicated that the ratio of the variability among groups to that within a group was an order of magnitude greater for spectrally defined image classes (20.84) than for field-mapped habitat types (1.82), suggesting that unsupervised image classification might more effectively categorize the fluvial environment. CDA results also suggested that shortwave-infrared wavelengths were valuable for distinguishing various in-stream habitats. Although hyperspectral stream classification seemed capable of identifying more features than previously recognized, the technique also suggested that the intrinsic complexity of the Lamar River would preclude its subdivision into a discrete number of classes. Establishing physically based linkages between observed spectral patterns and ecologically relevant channel characteristics will require additional research, but hyperspectral stream classification could provide novel insight into fluvial systems while emerging as a potentially powerful tool for resource management.     

Evaluation of a fire behavior information integration system for southern California chaparral wildlands

Close contact between arid, fire-vulnerable chaparral wildlands and urban development in southern California results in conflagrations that have burned 200,000 ha, destroyed 700 structures, and claimed 16 lives in a single year. In 1972, the U.S. Congress established FIRESCOPE to assist southern California fire and emergency agencies and to develop computer methods for the simulation of wildland fire behavior.     

卫星遥感在NOx总量控制中的应用

基于美国Aura卫星臭氧观测仪(OMI)提供的对流层NO_2垂直柱浓度数据,分析2015年北京世界反法西斯战争胜利70周年纪念活动期间和2016年杭州G20峰会期间NO_2柱浓度变化趋势,发现NO_2柱浓度能灵敏地捕捉到地面NO_x排放量的变化状况.因此,本文利用OMI NO_2柱浓度评估"十二五"期间及"十三五"初期我国NO_x排放量的变化状况,结果表明,"十二五"期间我国NO_2柱浓度降幅为24.98%,NO_x减排取得显著成效."十三五"初期,2016年全国NO_2柱浓度相比2015年下降3.18%,NO_x排放量继续下降.     

葫芦岛地区水体污染的卫星遥感监测示范研究

以葫芦岛地区为示范区域,采用卫星、地面、水体同步与准同步监测的方法,对示范区域水库水质和污染河段在研究主要污染物污染程度与波谱特性间的定量、半定量关系基础上,探索了水体污染卫星遥感监测中的关键技术,进而结合应用需求,建立宏观、快速的水体污染卫星遥感监测示范系统。对总体设计方案和技术指标、主要研究内容和方法、同步或准同步监测与分析做了简要阐述。     

“环境一号”卫星在轨测试与应用能力分析

以辽东湾沿岸大连、营口、盘锦3市为"环境一号"卫星(HJ-1)在轨应用测试典型示范区。在对HJ-1A/BCCD多光谱数据处理的基础上,选取50个样本,对生态环境及土地利用进行信息提取和测试。在GIS,GPS支持下,通过不同时相、不同卫星数据源生态环境变化遥感解译的对比分析,进行生态环境系统分类,评价其分类效果和综合应用能力,并对卫星数据应用潜力进行分析。     

辽西北典型区域防护林动态变化遥感分析研究

介绍了在RS的支持下,以Landsat TM和CBERS卫星影像为主要的数据来源,采用栅格数据、遥感数据与统计数据相结合的技术路线,通过目视解译、人机交互解译、计算机自动识别等遥感信息提取技术和遥感影像处理方法,得出近20a三北防护林地区林地面积的变化情况。结果表明：三北防护林地区的林地面积1986—1995年有所减小,1995年以后呈逐年增加的趋势。     

基于GOSAT卫星的中国CO2浓度时空特征分析

采用温室气体观测卫星(GOSAT) 傅里叶变换光谱仪(FTS)发布的CO₂柱浓度L₃级别数据集产品,利用TCCON地基站点的CO₂柱浓度数据对卫星遥感数据进行验证,分析中国CO₂柱浓度时空变化特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,GOSAT卫星的CO₂柱浓度产品精度较高,线性回归的r²为0.99,线性方程斜率为0.98,平均偏差为0.11 mg/L。中国CO₂柱浓度呈现逐年增长的趋势,存在12个月的周期性季节性变化。2010、2020年区域年平均CO₂柱浓度分别约为389.30、412.62 mg/L,增长了23.32 mg/L,年平均增长率大约为0.58%。中国区域大气CO₂柱浓度的月变化存在明显的时空差异,最大值和最小值分别出现在4月和8月,2020年4月和8月的区域平均值分别为415.09、409.13 mg/L。中国区域CO₂柱浓度从东部沿海向西部逐级递减,且呈现明显的季节性变化,夏季高值主要集中在东南部沿海地区,冬季高值主要集中在华北地区。