The costs and benefits of reforestation in Liping County, Guizhou Province, China

Reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is becoming a pressing issue for the global community. Afforestation and reforestation are promoted worldwide as an effective means of sequestering carbon. For its national interest and global concerns, China has made great efforts to protect its existing forests and develop programs of afforestation and reforestation. Based on two surveys recently conducted in Liping County, Guizhou province, this paper investigates the economic changes associated with the implementation of the "Grain For Green" policy. Based on the analytical framework of benefit cost analysis, this paper concludes that the implementation of the reforestation of sloping agricultural land policy would not be possible if there were no government subsidies for the peasants. The short term economic returns of land and labour from forestation are substantially lower than those generated from grain or cash crop production on the steep slope lands. The government subsidies provide great economic incentives for peasants to take part in the project. The subsidies in fact have elevated peasant income in rural Liping. The estimated potential economic returns of plantations over the long run indicate that the removal of the government financial subsidies would not create an economic crisis for the peasants if the current market conditions continue.     

Influence of alkalinity, hardness and dissolved solids on drinking water taste: A case study of consumer satisfaction

Two surveys of consumer satisfaction with drinking water conducted by Taiwan Water Supply Corp. are presented in this study. The study results show that although a lot of money was invested to modify traditional treatment processes, over 60% of local residents still avoided drinking tap water. Over half of the respondents felt that sample TT (from the traditional treatment process) was not a good drinking water, whether in the first or second survey, whereas almost 60% of respondents felt that samples PA, PB, CCL and CT (from advanced treatment processes) were good to drink. For all drinking water samples, respondent satisfaction with a sample primarily depended on it having no unpleasant flavors. Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration plans to revise the drinking water quality standards for TH and TDS in the near future. The new standards require a lower TH concentration (from currently 400mg/L (as CaCO(3)) to 150mg/L (as CaCO(3))), and a lower TDS maximum admissible concentration from the current guideline of 600 to 250mg/L. Therefore, this study also evaluated the impacts on drinking water tastes caused by variations in TH and TDS concentrations, and assessed the need to issue more strict drinking water quality standards for TH and TDS. The research results showed that most respondents could not tell the difference in water taste among water samples with different TDS, TH and alkalinity. Furthermore, hardness was found to be inversely associated with cardiovascular diseases and cancers, and complying with more strict standards would lead most water facilities to invest billions of dollars to upgrade their treatment processes. Consequently, in terms of drinking water tastes alone, this study suggested that Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration should conduct more thorough reviews of the scientific literature that provides the rationale for setting standards and reconsider if it is necessary to revise drinking water quality standards for TH and TDS.     

污水处理厂恶臭烦恼模拟评价及验证

对某污水处理厂有组织及无组织源进行采样调查,基于CALPUFF模型建立恶臭评价因子,对恶臭扰民进行判定,并通过厂界样品检测、现场嗅探监测、居民问卷调查3种方式对模型模拟结果进行验证.结果表明,该污水处理厂在各个方向上的恶臭防护距离为200~1450m,周边8个居民区可引起恶臭烦恼;模型模拟得到的臭气浓度及居民烦恼与验证结果一致性较好.     

制冷设备对人体舒适温度影响的研究

舒适的环境温度对人的工作学习有重要影响,本文将选取校园内研究生实验室作为研究环境,通过空调控制室内温度及湿度,以男女学生为研究对象通过问卷调查法研究人体热感觉舒适温度及对应湿度,由研究数据分析结果得出夏季炎热室内人体舒适温度为24℃,对应的人体舒适相对湿度为50%,舒适温度刚好处于人体常温37℃的黄金分割处。室内温度、湿度与人体舒适满意度关系可近似为二阶函数曲线。分析数据及结果对研究实验室、办公室等工作场所在炎热夏季的温度和湿度设置有理论指导意义;通过对比不同人群的人体舒适温度和湿度对研究身体健康状况有理论参考价值。     

核事故沾染的放射性区域所产生的地表活度分布与空中辐射场之间的换算规律--反卷积定理在核事故辐射场航测中的应用

本文应用卷积定理和反卷积定理解决了长期以来存在的任意面状放射源产生的辐射场求解问题.在核事故产生的放射性沾染区,根据本文介绍的方法,利用航空测量的某一高度平面上的照射量分布值,应用反卷积定理可求得地面上对应的放射性活度的分布,利用卷积定理可求得该活度分布所对应的任一高度平面上的照射量分布值.因该方法采用了FFT算法,故计算速度很快,可用于实时测量处理.     

河北省土壤苯并(a)芘含量的空间变异特征

根据实地采样数据,运用地统计学方法分析苯并(a)芘污染的空间变异特征,同时研究各地污染水平与其自然环境、产业布局之间的关系。结果表明:土壤苯并(a)芘含量在研究区存在空间异质性,在240 km空间尺度上尤其明显,块金值(C0)和基台值(C0 C)之比为44%;这说明其空间变异由结构性因子(如土壤有机质)和随机性因子(如污染源分布)共同构成;钢铁工业(包括焦化工)是苯并(a)芘的主要排放源,土壤苯并(a)芘污染也以钢铁工业(包括焦化工)发达的城市及其附近区域为核心。     

我国沿海港口的微观生物初期污损调查

目的对我国渤海、黄海、东海和南海海域的港口进行微观生物污损调查。方法在天津、青岛、宁波、湛江和三亚的港口进行实海挂样试验,通过染色、封装、显微观察、计数等方法,对我国沿海从北到南五个港口微观生物的初期污损进行调查。结果通过玻片实海浸挂和荧光显微观察法,建立了一种生物污损初期附着状况的试验调查方法。微观生物污损主要以细菌和硅藻为主,在样片浸入海水后的数小时内,表面即附着微观生物。不同港口的挂片表面所附着的生物量存在差异,实海挂片24h后,样片表面附着的细菌数量约为100～300cells/mm~2,微藻数量约为10～60cells/mm~2。在相同试验周期内,水温较高海域收集到的样片表面的生物量较大。随港口纬度的升高,样片表面的生物量减少。结论我国沿海海港的微观污损生物均以细菌和硅藻为主,初期生物附着量受港口所处纬度影响,五个港口一天内的微观生物附着量均大于10 cells/mm~2。     

关中地区表层土壤碳储量问题的研究

土壤碳储量问题是碳循环和全球变化研究的基本问题,关系到全球生态环境的发展、平衡与兴衰。论文利用多目标区域地球化学调查取得的大量数据,用实测方法计算出关中地区表层土壤(0～0.2m)全碳(TC)储量为1.50×108 t,平均储量为4994.16t/km2;其中,有机碳(TOC)储量为0.71×108 t,平均储量为2350.14t/km2。通过对研究区内表层单位土壤碳储量分布规律的研究发现,TOC储量在基岩山地和低山丘陵等植被覆盖较高的地区相对较高。对表层土壤的平均碳储量分别按照土壤类型、土地利用、地貌单元和成土母质类型进行分类统计,结果表明研究区内:粗骨土的平均有机碳和全碳储量均最高,风沙土均最低,黑垆土的平均无机碳(TIC)储量最高,棕壤最低;农用地中,林地的平均TOC和TC储量最高,TIC储量最低;各地貌单元平均TOC储量的大小顺序为:基岩山地﹥低山丘陵﹥平原﹥黄土高原﹥黄土塬;成土母质为山前洪冲积的土壤平均TOC储量最高,渭河冲洪积土壤最低。     

美国湖泊调查评价技术及对我国湖泊生态环境管理的启示

自2006年起,美国环保署(EPA)在美国本土开展了两次湖泊生态状况调查和评估,从营养状态、生物健康和休闲娱乐的关键指标开展评估,旨在摸清美国湖泊生态环境现状和影响湖泊生态健康的关键胁迫因子。EPA逐步形成了涵盖水文、水质、水生生物等多重指标在内的湖泊调查评估体系,该体系已成为美国湖泊环境管理系统的重要组成部分,为湖泊环境保护和水生态系统恢复提供了有力支持。本文从清单建立、重点调查湖泊清单筛选、采样布点、监测指标、评估方法等方面系统研究总结美国湖泊调查评估的关键技术方法体系,以期为我国湖泊生态环境保护和环境管理工作提供借鉴。     

中国不同尺度大气污染物排放清单编制工作综述

大气污染物排放清单的编制可以直观表现清单编制地区的污染源状况,为政府制定污染物防控措施提供科学依据。在查阅大量文献的基础上,从清单方法学、区域和城市排放、清单不确定性3个方面对中国大部分地区的大气污染物排放清单编制工作进行了汇总整理。提出了未建立符合我国国情的排放因子和活动水平数据库、排放清单分辨率和不确定性研究水平不高、缺少对不发达地区的清单编制等问题。建议统筹排放清单编制工作,保证基础数据的准确性,逐步建立主要污染物的清单编制技术指南,加强学科间和国际间合作,开拓排放清单新的研究方向。最后,对未来大气污染物排放清单的编制工作提出了展望。