河网水源生态湿地水氢氧同位素分异特征

为揭示河网水源生态湿地中水力流程沿途和植物床-沟壕系统内部水同位素分异特征,于2019年8月夏季湿雨期,沿水力流程梯度采集嘉兴市石臼漾湿地、贯泾港湿地、海宁市长水塘湿地和泰山港湿地这4个根孔型水源生态湿地上层水样,于2020年1月冬季干冷期采集泰山港湿地植物床-沟壕系统内部沟壕上层水样和植物床潜水样品.测定氘（δD）和δ¹⁸ O丰度,运用同位素技术和数理统计方法解析湿地水体水同位素分布和组成特征,并探明植物床-沟壕系统对水同位素分异的影响.结果表明：①河网水同位素时空变化很大程度上受到不同水源补给和蒸发富集作用的影响,湿地敞水区水线与邻近区域大气降水线相比,湿地区水氢氧同位素呈现富集特征;②通过多种数理统计手段结合散点图并做模型假设诊断分析,发现在4个湿地的区域尺度和每个湿地内部的局域尺度,水氢氧同位素丰度及组成在垂向维度和水平维度大多呈现复杂的非线性变化,在区域尺度上,垂向维度的水位高程较水平维度的水力流程长度对水同位素的分布影响更大,而在局域尺度内,水力流程驱动的影响往往更大;③异质性较强的湿地根孔生态净化区相较于其他功能区其水同位素相对更加富集;④由芦苇等根系发达的植物所形成的地下大孔隙网络、富含粘土的基质土壤和植物床上的植物对湿地水氢氧同位素丰度具有显著影响,因此,在植物床-沟壕系统内部,出水侧的低位小沟相较于进水侧的高位小沟其水同位素偏轻;⑤植物床-沟壕系统中水同位素丰度的突变点可能预示着水体净化的拐点;⑥植物床-沟壕系统潜水中氘盈余（d-excess）明显高于沟水相应值,且潜水变异系数远大于沟水,湿地根孔生态净化区的氘盈余呈现夏季湿热雨季偏负、冬季干冷旱季偏正的季节性差异,反映了湿地水汽来源的季节性差异和内部同位素分馏行为的空间差异.研究结果为人们认识人工湿地中水同位素分布特征、水力流态及提升湿地运行效果提供参考依据,并为探索湿地水质提升关键技术提供新思路.本研究表明水同位素技术在剖析湿地水文学方面具有可靠的巨大潜力.     

救生舱水密及承压性能数值模拟与试验研究

透水事故是井下常发灾害之一。为满足井下紧急避险要求,救生舱不仅要具备持续耐高水压的能力,而且还需保持良好的水密性。为了检验救水舱的水密及承压性能,应用ANSYS模拟软件对舱体应力变化进行了数值模拟,确定了舱体应力值可能偏大的区域,进而选定了现场试验应变监测点;通过水压试验中心现场试验,制定详细升压方案,观察及分析试验现场和试验应变数据。实验结果表明,救生舱在外界水压达到3MPa的情况下,舱体未发生渗漏及明显变形,救生舱水密及承压性能良好。     

中外垃圾土体渗透系数试验对比分析

从试验数据、试验方法 2个方面总结归纳了关于现有垃圾填埋场渗透系数的国内外试验,并且通过对比国内外渗透系数的一系列试验成果,分析了国内外渗透系数试验在基础数据、试验方法多样性方面的优劣。以此为基点,对未来国内岩土工程发展方向提出了建议。     

有机硅生产废水的处理及膜污染控制

采用三级过滤—反渗透膜脱盐—多效蒸发联合工艺处理有机硅生产废水,并对反渗透膜的污染控制进行了研究。实验结果表明:高压膜脱盐率为96%左右,低压膜脱盐率为95%左右;膜系统COD去除率基本上稳定在98.25%,出水COD稳定在60 mg/L以下。针对膜污染问题,采用在线冲洗与不定期清洗相结合,有效改善了反渗透膜的污染状况,延长了膜的使用寿命。     

错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究

采用外压管式聚砜－聚丙烯腈共混超滤膜进行错流膜生物反应器水力清洗特性研究,结果表明,清洗时采用高膜面流速、低操作压力和限制透过液对流传递作用有利于错流膜生物反应器通量的恢复,这符合膜藏去除过程中的传质机理;适宜的膜面流速应稍大于临界流速ｖｋ＝１．９２ｍ／ｓ,清洗时间应控制在１０ｍｉｎ,适宜的清洗操作压力为０．０７ＭＰａ。     

ABR-SBR法处理草浆造纸中段废水试验研究

针对草浆造纸中段废水 ,进行了ABR、SBR及ABR SBR组合处理工艺的研究 ,结果表明 :ABR的HRT为 6h时 ,废水可生化性由 0 2— 0 2 5增加到 0 4— 0 5 ;SBR最佳HRT为 8h ,单独运行 ,COD去除率 6 5 %左右 ;ABR SBR组合工艺中SBR处理效果明显提高 ,COD去除率达 80 %左右 ,且组合工艺处理效果好 ,COD和BOD5去除率达 90 %左右 ,抗冲击负荷能力强。     

生物紊动床的水力特性及硝化效能研究

试验研究了生物紊动床的水力特性及硝化效能。试验结果表明 ,生物紊动床从整体上表现为完全混合型流态特征。在温度T =2 5℃ ,HRT =5h ,容积负荷Nv在 0 .32 4～ 1 .994kgN/m3·d的范围内 ,氨氮去除率均能保持在 95 %以上。     

The use of best management practices to respond to externalities from developing shale gas resources

The public is concerned that activities accompanying hydraulic fracturing in the development of shale gas resources are unnecessarily adversely affecting them and the environment and is petitioning elected representatives to take actions to reduce risks. The health risks associated with fracturing chemicals and air pollutants are relatively unknown and constitute the impetus for public concern. An evaluation of state legal and regulatory provisions regarding best management practices discloses that states are not adopting timely regulations to protect people and the environment from activities accompanying hydraulic fracturing. Simultaneously, regulatory policy concerning negative externalities suggests that governments underinvest in the protection of human health and environmental quality. Governments have choices in protecting people from dangers that accompany shale gas development. Due to the risks of injuries and unpaid damages from shale gas development, governmental policies need to evolve to accord people greater health protection.     

Eco‐hydraulic Evaluation of a Whitewater Park as a Fish Passage Barrier

Whitewater parks (WWPs) typically consist of instream structures that enhance recreational boating by constricting flow into a steep chute that generates a hydraulic jump in a downstream pool. Concerns have been raised that high velocities resulting from WWPs may be inhibiting fish movement during critical life stages. We evaluated the effects of WWPs on upstream fish passage by concurrently monitoring fish movement and hydraulic conditions at three WWP structures and three adjacent natural control (CR) sites in a wadeable river in northern Colorado. Fish movement was tracked with a network of Passive Integrated Transponder antennas over a 14‐month period. Individual fishes (n = 1,639), including brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were tagged and released within WWP and CR sites. Detailed hydraulic conditions occurring during the study period were evaluated with a fully 3D model. Results reveal the WWPs monitored in this study are not a complete barrier to upstream salmonid movement, but differences in passage efficiency from release location range from 29 to 44% in WWP sites and 37 to 63% for CR sites and the suppression of movement is related to body length. Small numbers of monitored nonsalmonids were inadequate to directly observe effects on their movement; however, it is highly probable that movement of smaller native fishes is also suppressed. Hydraulic modeling helps in the design of WWP structures that protect fish passage.     

长江中下游人工鱼礁水动力特性实验研究

受三峡蓄水的影响,长江中下游水文生态系统发生明显变化,导致四大家鱼产卵适宜度下降以及像中华鲟这类生殖洄游性鱼类鱼卵孵化率降低。建设人工鱼礁是缓解长江渔业资源衰退、保护长江物种多样性、保持长江渔业可持续发展的一项重要措施。基于水槽模型实验,以透空正六面体型人工鱼礁为研究对象,将鱼礁块体与护岸相结合铺设在河道岸坡上,构成鱼礁型生态护岸。通过对鱼礁型护岸周围水面线及水流流速等水力特性进行测量分析,得到了鱼礁型护岸的鱼类产卵场水力因子。结果表明:在长江中下游河道两岸铺设透空型人工鱼礁其周围水流流速可维持在0.84~1 m/s之间,处于四大家鱼产卵繁殖最适宜的流速范围内;且由于鱼礁的存在,使岸坡附近水流流速梯度增大并产生上升流及背涡流等一些复杂的水流流态,这些水力因素又刺激了四大家鱼的交配活动,增加鱼类的产卵量。