内酯型槐糖脂修复石油污染土壤的影响因素

采用内酯型槐糖脂(SL50)修复石油污染土壤。通过单因子实验与正交实验,考察了槐糖脂溶液质量浓度、振荡时间、反应体系初始pH、NaCl加入量以及固液比(土壤质量与表面活性剂溶液体积之比)对污染土壤石油烃洗脱率的影响。单因子模型回归分析结果表明,参数变量均符合二次拟合模型,槐糖脂溶液质量浓度、反应体系初始pH以及NaCl加入量的二次模型拟合效果较好。正交实验结果表明,槐糖脂溶液质量浓度和反应体系初始pH是该实验的敏感性因子,最优洗脱条件为槐糖脂溶液质量浓度40 mg/L、反应体系初始pH 9、NaCl加入量6%(w)。     

海洋中石油烃敏化光氧化反应研究进展

本文总结了激发三重态光敏剂及激发单重态氧分子引发的表层海水中石油烃光氧化反应的研究概况，介绍激发三重态光敏化剂引发的典型化合物的光氧化产物、反应机理，原油光氧化产物和表层海水中溶解石油烃成分及其氧化产物的分析等方面的研究成果。比较两类光氧化反应研究的优缺点，提出今后研究的方向。     

烃类流体火灾伤害破坏作用定量分析

对烃类流体火灾的伤害破坏作用进行正确的定量分析是开展重大消防目标火灾风险评估工作的基础。针对烃类流体火灾伤害破坏作用定量分析中存在的问题,系统论述烃类流体火灾伤害破坏作用的定量分析方法,分析并讨论火球、池火、喷射火和蒸气云火灾等不同火灾形式的热辐射通量计算模型及其前提条件,对不同热辐射伤害破坏作用准则及伤害概率模型的适用条件和模型基础进行了论述。     

Tuning the catalytic selectivity in electrochemical CO2 reduction on copper oxide-derived nanomaterials

Electrochemical conversion of CO₂ to hydrocarbons can relieve both environmental and energy stresses. However, electrocatalysts for this reaction usually suffer from a poor product selectivity and a large overpotential. Here we report that tunable catalytic selectivity for hydrocarbon formation could be achieved on Cu nanomaterials with different morphologies. By tuning the electrochemical parameters, either Cu oxide nanowires or nanoneedles were fabricated and then electrochemically reduced to the corresponding Cu nanomaterials. The Cu nanowires preferred the formation of C₂H₄, while the Cu nanoneedles favored the production of more CH₄, rather than C₂H₄. Our work provides a facile synthetic strategy for preparing Cu-based nanomaterials to achieve selective CO₂ reduction.     

滦河口表层沉积物中重金属和多环芳烃的分布、来源及风险评估

为了弄清近年滦河输送与河口环境之间的相关性,对采自滦河口的33个表层沉积物样品的粒度、有机碳、重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg)和多环芳烃(PAHs;16种US EPA优先控制单体)含量进行了检测分析.Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Hg的平均含量分别为18.76,30.98,44.63,41.14,15.60,0.09,7.21和0.02μg/g.重金属含量高值区分布在河口和南部细颗粒中心区域,其分布受沉积环境控制;元素之间相关性较高,河流输送对该区域中重金属含量和分布影响较大;该区域中重金属64.2%源于人为污染释放,35.8%属于自然背景;整体污染程度较低,在河口存在低生态风险.PAHs总浓度为7.5~74.3ng/g,平均为37.4ng/g,PAHs与重金属具有完全不同的分布特征,河流输送影响较小,单体组成以4环单体为主;该区域中沉积物中的PAHs有40.3%源于石油泄漏及船舶航行等,46.7%源于煤炭、天然气及木柴燃烧,12.0%源于交通尾气排放;北部区域锚地船舶航行及石油制品泄漏对北部区域PAHs生态风险贡献较大.     

Distribution and behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in subtropical river estuary,Okinawa, Japan

Surface water samples were collected along the salinity gradient of Manko estuary in Okinawa, Japan, between January and November 2012, to examine spatial and temporal variability in the distribution, composition, behaviour, and sources of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of total particulate PAHs ranged from 169.7?ng?g^?1 at riverine station (N1) in November 2012 to 922?ng?g^?1 at another riverine station (K3) in May 2012. Based on observed environmental behaviour, particularly relationships to organic matter, the PAHs appear divisible into two groups: group I (low molecular weight) PAHs were characterised by low particles affinity and strong correlations with a pool of autochthonous organic matter (e.g. high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids), reflecting processes controlling their delivery to the estuary; and, in contrast, group II (high molecular weight) PAHs were characterised by high particles affinity and exhibited estuarine distribution primarily controlled by suspended solid load and inputs from terrigenous sources through river inflows. This relationship, coupled with isomer ratios indicative of combined mixed sources from petroleum and petroleum combustions, indicates that terrestrial run-off is the dominant mode of delivery of particulate PAHs in the estuary. The relationships between distinct groups of PAHs and lipid biomarkers demonstrated in this study suggest that very specific pools of particulate organic matter, as opposed to concentrations of particulate organic carbon alone, can be important in the transport and fate of hydrophobic contaminants.     

Variable impact of rice (Oryza sativa) on soil metal reduction and availability of pore water Fe2+ and Mn2+ throughout the growth period

Flooding of wetland or agricultural soils can result in substantial alteration of the pore water trace metal profiles and potentially also influence the bioavailability of other trace elements adsorbed to the insoluble oxides. Experimental microcosms were used to quantify the impact of rice (Oryza sativa) plants across an entire growing cycle on the concentrations of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ in two soil types (red sodosol and grey vertosol). Two water management treatments were included: a standard flooded treatment and a saturated treatment (?3?kPa). Soil pore water profiles were established from samples collected at four sampling depths (2.5, 7.5, 15 and 25?cm) on 50 occasions. Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations were higher in flooded soil than in saturated soil and greatest at a depth of 7.5?cm. The presence of rice plants increased Mn²⁺ concentrations in flooded soils, but tended to decrease Mn²⁺ concentrations in saturated soils. The influence of rice plants on Fe²⁺ concentrations was greatest at a depth of 7.5?cm. Changes in soil pore water Fe²⁺ and Mn²⁺ concentrations due to the presence of rice plants were correlated with flowering and reproduction.     

用于水中多环芳烃被动采样的聚合物厚度和材料的选择：哪个更有力地影响采样器性能？

本文使用3种单相聚合物制作用于多环芳烃被动采样的装置,这3种聚合物分别为聚甲醛(POM)、硅橡胶(SR)和聚乙烯(PE),通过室内试验测定了它们的分配系数和POM的扩散系数以及验证了动态积累模型。此外,在野外现场对每种装置的性能进行了评估。基于已开发模型的支持,讨论了使用不同材料和聚合物厚度的装置性能。结果表明,采样器性能,比如浓度平均周期的长短和多环芳烃的采集容量,都广受所选材料的影响。采样器的厚度也会对装置的性能造成影响,但程度很小。选择合适的聚合物和/或厚度可以使采样器更有适用于快速平衡或动态积累,以及促进膜或水边界层对动态积累的控制。此外,利用膜技术控制或平衡的化合物能够更精确的被量化,因为它们不需要利用参比法(PRC)来校正。然而,当富集浓度达到平衡后,采样器中的平均浓度就不能准备测量化合物浓度,而由膜控制的采样装置通过动态累积的方式能够提供不需要PRC校正的平均浓度;随着膜传质阻力的提高,采样器的检测限也得到提高。
精选自Angel Belles, Claire Alary, Yannick Mamindy-Pajany.Thickness and material selection of polymeric passive samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water: which more strongly affects sampler properties?. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Volume 35, Issue 7, pages 1708–1717, July 2016. DOI: 10.1002/etc.3326
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3326/full
     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in red mullet (Mullus bavbatus) and sediments from the Eastern Aegean Sea

The distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and sediment samples in the eastern Aegean Sea. The data were collected during cruises in July and November 1994, in the framework of National Marine Measurement and Monitoring Programme in the Aegean Sea. PAHs were detected in the tissue of Mullus barbatus of different sex and size from nine sampling sites throughout the study area ranging from 0.03 to 0.46 ug/g (fresh weight). The observations show the high levels of PAHs were found in tissues of females. The average concentration of PAHs in Aegean Sea sediments ranged from 0.20 to 1.8 ug/g (dry weight). No significant correlation was observed between PAH and sedimentary organic carbon.     

西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为

采用小型回填式土柱动态吸附试验研究了西辽河流域沙土对磷的吸附行为. 结果表明:沙土对磷的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附方程和Langmuir吸附方程,且前者更优. 吸附分配系数(k)平均值为31.55,磷饱和吸附量平均值为312.55 mg/kg. 沙土对磷的吸附方式以物理吸附为主,易淋失,仍存在一定的环境风险. 固定沙土中的微团聚体因存在以孔隙填充方式的磷吸附,所以其对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小;而流动沙土对磷的吸附能力最弱,磷淋失的环境风险最大. 农田和林地沙土对磷的吸附能力最强,磷淋失的环境风险最小,是沙土的最佳利用方式. 沙土对磷的吸附分配系数及饱和吸附量与土壤w(粗黏粒),w(黏粒)和w(有机质)呈极显著正相关.