Attenuation of N2O emission rates from agricultural soil at different dicyandiamide concentrations

An experiment was conducted to assess the role of different concentrations of dicyandiamide (DCD), a potent nitrification inhibitor, on temporal changes in nitrous oxide emission from sandy loam agricultural soil. It was found that with increasing concentration of DCD i.e. from 6 to 12% of nitrogen applied in the form of urea, there was a decrease in the both average and peak N₂O emissions. However, from 14% DCD treated soil, there was a non-significant alteration in the N₂O emission. Maximum average N₂O efflux of 217.55 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ was noted from control plots. As compared to control, there was an attenuation of 50, 58, 65, and 91% average N₂O efflux from 6, 8, 10 and 12% DCD applied pots, respectively, whereas, there was a negative average of N₂O efflux from the soil with 14% DCD treatment. The soil N content also showed a significant correlation with N₂O emission. Therefore, 12% DCD treatment has been found to be the best with regard to attenuation of nitrous oxide from sandy loam agricultural soils.     

饱和砂土地震液化后地面大位移特性研究

地震引起的地基液化常会造成地基大的侧向变形而导致灾难性的破坏,饱水砂土液化后的变形特性是地震液化大位移研究的基础。通过全自动多功能三轴仪的空心样动加载液化后的静扭剪试验,对饱水砂土液化后大变形特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,与常规静加载特性不同,饱水砂土液化后静加载时表现出单调剪胀的特性,加载初始阶段孔压基本不变,应变达到一定幅度后孔压一直减小,液化后变形曲线可分为低强度段和强度恢复段。低强度段模量近乎为零,强度恢复段试样强度不断增长。低强度段是液化后大变形发生的主要阶段。     

The persistence of insecticidal chemicals in soils treated with granular formulations of disulfoton and their uptake by potato plants

Abstract

Potatoes were grown from cut seed in Plainfield sand treated in‐furrow with disulfoton (Di‐Syston 15G, 3.36 kg Al/ha) in 1983 and from whole seed in similarly treated loam in 1991. Soils were contained in 2 m² field plots. Soil, seed potato and foliage were analyzed for the insecticide and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites during the 8–12 wk following planting. Disulfoton disappeared at different rates from the two soils (k_sand=0.024 day^‐1, k_loam=0.056 day^‐1) with partial conversion to the sulfoxide and sulfone in both. Larger quantities of the three insecticidal components were absorbed by the seed potato in the cut‐seed/sand combination. The relative amounts of these components in the seed potato also differed between treatments with disulfoton being the largest component of the cut‐seed/sand and smallest in the whole‐seed/loam. Disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfone were the major insecticidal components of the foliage and concentrations in the initial foliage (each ca. 10 ppm) were similar for both treatments. Sulfoxide concentrations in the foliage decreased more rapidly than the sulfone and the decrease in concentration of each of the components was similar for the two treatments.     

Dissipation of terbuthylazine,metolachlor, and mesotrione in soils with contrasting texture

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione at different depths in soils with contrasting texture. The field trial was conducted at the Padua University Experimental Farm, north-east Italy. The persistence of three herbicides was studied in three different soil textures (clay soil, sandy soil, and loamy soil) at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm). Soil organic carbon content was highest in the clay (1.10%) followed by loam (0.67%) and sandy soil (0.24%); the pH of soils was sub-alkaline. Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione were applied on maize as a formulated product (Lumax®) at a dose of 3.5 L ha^?1. Their dissipation in the treated plots was followed for 2 months after application. The concentrations of herbicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione could be described by a pseudo first-order kinetics. Terbuthylazine showed the highest DT50, followed by metolachlor and mesotrione. Considering the tested soil, the highest DT50 value was found in clay soil for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas for mesotrione there was no difference among soils. Significant differences were found between the two soil depths for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas none were found for mesotrione. These results suggest that soil texture and depth have a strong influence on the dissipation of terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas no influence was observed on mesotrione because of its chemical and physical properties.     

磁河有机污染物在饱和土壤中迁移转化试验研究

通过静态吸附、静态降解和动态土柱试验,研究了磁河废水中有机污染物在土壤饱水条件下的迁移转化行为.实验结果经线性拟合和参数估算,得到弥散系数D=0.0036m2/d,分配系数K_d=0.19cm3/g,降解系数K=0.68 d-1.表明磁河有机污染物在土壤中有较强的吸附和降解能力.      

盐分对粉壤土氮转化的影响

采用室内恒温通气培养法,以北京地区耕作层典型粉壤土为对象,研究盐分对土壤氮素矿化和硝化的影响.实验设置了4个不同盐分〔以ρ（NaCl）计,分别为20,30,50和80 mg/L〕处理和对照处理,并在硝化实验的土壤中加入一定量的（NH₄）₂SO₄,分别在30 ℃恒温培养箱中进行为期105 d（矿化）和49 d（硝化）的培养实验.结果表明:在初期的培养中,低盐分有利于土壤氮素转化,ρ（NaCl）为20 mg/L的处理分别比对照处理的累积矿化量和累积硝化量多18.21%和1.87%;而在长期培养过程中,高盐分不利于土壤氮素转化,且ρ（NaCl）越高抑制越明显,其对土壤氮素矿化和硝化的抑制率达到67.92%和62.58%;土壤矿化势和硝化势随w（NaCl）分别呈指数递减,矿化速率常数和硝化速率常数与土壤中w（NaCl）为二次函数关系.      

风沙土对放射性核素的吸附与解吸

研究了采自新疆的风沙土对不同放射性核素的吸附与解吸情况。结果表明,风沙土对137Cs的吸附一解吸滞后作用明显,而对帅Sr的吸附一解吸滞后作用极微;风沙土对239Pu和238U的平衡吸附量分别为22．54cpm／mg和19．27cpm／mg,粒径为45μm的风沙土能牢固地吸附239Pu和238U。     

淋洗条件下砂土和粉土水盐运移过程的监测研究

土壤水盐运移过程和运移机制研究是盐渍土研究的核心问题,淋洗条件下土壤水盐运移动态规律是研究盐渍土形成、冲洗、排水、改良的理论基础.通过室内一维垂直入渗试验,采用自主研发的电阻率监测装置研究了砂土和粉土在淋洗过程中的水盐运移的动态变化特征.结果表明,监测装置的实时数据能够监测到两种土壤淋洗过程中电阻率峰值的下移和逐渐消失的过程,在每次淋洗后,砂土经过30 min达到水盐平衡,而粉土需要70 min.砂土每次淋洗脱盐的深度基本保持一致,约为35 cm,经过3次淋洗后土柱脱盐;粉土每次淋洗脱盐深度约为10 cm,经过7次淋洗后土柱脱盐.该监测装置可以针对不同土壤水盐运移的速率而设置其时间和空间分辨率从而实现水盐运移的远程、原位、动态监测,为盐渍化的监测、评估和预警提供了一种有效的手段.     

90Sr在干旱地区包气带砂土中的迁移研究

放射性废物处置的基本安全目标是保护人类和环境免受电离辐射的有害影响.开展处置场环境影响评价可以量化它对人体健康和环境潜在影响.90Sr是放射性废物中具有代表性的裂变核素.为了获取90Sr在干旱地区某处置场址包气带砂土中的迁移规律,采用静态实验和动态实验对其在砂土的迁移进行了研究.结果表明,对于该场址,砂土对90Sr的吸附能力较弱;静态实验测量得到的分配系数与动态实验拟合计算得到的相差约一个量级;采用非平衡模式模拟该场址包气带砂土中90Sr的迁移更为恰当.     

用于滤膜称重的饱和氯化镁溶液恒湿系统搭建与评估

目前中国大气颗粒物污染严重,许多颗粒物测量工作使用基于滤膜采样的重量分析法,滤膜称重过程的质量保障至关重要.本文搭建了一套具有恒湿能力的滤膜平衡称重箱(1.2 m×0.6 m×0.8 m)并自制流量控制系统用于平衡和称量滤膜.通过测试空白滤膜和负载大气颗粒物的滤膜在不同相对湿度下的质量变化确定了30%~40%的平衡相对湿度并选用饱和氯化镁溶液控制称重箱内的相对湿度.用20 L·min~(-1)的干燥气通过装有饱和氯化镁溶液的恒湿箱,再将平衡后的气体通入平衡称重箱使其相对湿度达到稳定,随后用5 L·min~(-1)的流量维持.通过一个月的测试表明,系统在称重箱外相对湿度变化较大时,仍可维持称重箱内相对湿度在30.1%~34.0%之间.使用该恒湿系统称量60张滤膜,恒湿3次后称量的偏差均值不超过±0.02mg.相比于其他恒湿系统,这套系统具有简单、稳定、易于维护和成本低的特点.