我国地表水溶解氧时空变化及其对全球变暖的响应

溶解氧是衡量地表水环境质量的重要指标.为科学实施水污染防治和水生态系统修复,系统解析了我国近十五年不同区域溶解氧的时空变化特征,探讨了全球变暖对不同区域饱和溶解氧的影响.结果表明：①受海拔和温度影响,全国饱和溶解氧浓度存在显著的区域差异性,根据饱和溶解氧浓度将全国划分为3个区域,分别为北部高饱和溶解氧区、南部低饱和溶解氧区及中部饱和溶解氧过渡区;②2018年全国溶解氧浓度和饱和度达到I类水质的比例分别为72%和20.5%,冬季冰封期阻碍大气复氧的区域,不宜采用溶解氧饱和度对溶解氧进行评价;Mann-Kendall法分析表明,全国河流溶解氧浓度2010年下半年开始显著提高,人口密集、经济发达、工业化及水体盐度高和流速低是引起珠江及辽河入海口、长江下游溶解氧偏低的主要原因;③气候变化背景下,温度敏感的低温低海拔地区饱和溶解氧浓度下降最明显;到21世纪末,SSP5-8.5和SSP1-1.9情境下饱和溶解氧浓度将分别下降1.3 mg·L^-1和0.01 mg·L^-1,为适应全球变暖,需要加大污染物减排力度,保障水生态安全.     

氮肥-垃圾渗滤液复合影响区非饱和-饱和带全剖面氮素分布特征及微生物响应

农田氮肥和垃圾填埋场渗滤液是我国地下水氮素污染的两大来源,从氮肥-垃圾渗滤液复合影响区域内采集6份土壤剖面-地下水样品,分析非饱和-饱和带全剖面中氮素的分布特征,来清晰判识该类典型区域的氮素跨介质污染特征和途径,同时通过高通量测序进行氮循环功能微生物分析,来解析氮循环功能微生物对氮素分布的响应.结果发现,在高施肥量采样点中,土壤中的硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和溶解性有机氮（Dissolved Organic Nitrogen,DON）含量均显著高于低施肥量采样点（p<0.01）,NO₃^--N大量分布在深度0~240 cm的土壤中（p<0.05）,部分NO₃^--N下渗进入地下水,高施肥量采样点地下水中NO₃^--N浓度在总溶解性氮（Total Dissolved Nitrogen,TDN）中占比达31.93%~84.70%,硝化菌在氮循环功能菌中占比为27.08%~87.99%,说明氮肥是该区域地下水NO₃^--N的主要来源.铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）在非饱和带深度0~20 cm和400~460 cm的范围内含量较高（p<0.05）,垃圾填埋场下游的地下水NH₄⁺-N浓度均超标,在TDN中占比为26.40%~59.71%.统计分析表明,垃圾填埋场渗滤液可能是造成地下水中NH₄⁺-N浓度空间差异的重要因素,并很可能是导致地下水位波动带附近出现NH₄⁺-N高积累的主要原因（p<0.05）.这些结果将有助于复合影响区氮素的污染评估和防控.     

西藏日喀则机场周边风沙源空间分布及近34年的演变趋势

通过大量野外调查与遥感数据人机交互式目视解译方法,运用3S技术,解译了日喀则机场周边9县1975年、1990年、2000年和2008年4期遥感数据,分析了风沙化土地的空间分布,以及近34 a风沙化土地的演变趋势。结果表明:2008年日喀则机场周边共有风沙化土地50 053.31 hm²,其中,日喀则市、南木林县、白朗县和仁布县所占比例为51.41%。距离机场40 km内风沙化土地面积为21 338.54 hm²,占沙地总面积的42.63％,主要分布在仁布大桥以西、年楚河与雅鲁藏布江交汇处以东,高寒河谷两岸的南木林县和日喀则市江当乡境内的季节性边滩、江心洲和山坡上。1975-2008年间风沙化土地呈缓慢增长趋势,共增长了13.57%,年均增长率为175.94 hm²/a。以1990-1999年风沙化土地扩展最快, 2000-2008年增长最慢。气温升高、空气相对湿润程度下降是造成风沙化土地进一步扩展、蔓延的主要原因。     

盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙漠化的影响

以盐池北部风沙区为研究区域,利用1989、1995、2000、2007年土地利用现状图,借助地理信息系统软件提取有关格局分析的基础数据,基于景观生态学原理,构造主要土地利用类型和沙地景观格局指数,探讨不同时段内盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局变化对沙化景观的影响。结果表明：（1）沙地景观在1995年之前不断扩张,1995年以后开始减少,集中连片沙地被零星分布的小沙化斑块取代;（2）林地和草地经历了先减少后增大的过程,土地利用格局变化中,中、低覆盖度草地和灌木林地变动性大;中、低覆盖度草地、耕地、灌木林地不稳定性程度较高;（3）受农作活动影响,尤其在灌溉条件较好区域,草地沙化明显,而灌木林能起到很好的防沙作用;（4）盐池北部风沙区土地利用格局特征指标与沙地面积呈负相关,随着特征指标增大沙化面积减小。土地利用格局变化能够综合反映相应时段内的人类活动结果,以此为切入点研究其对沙漠化的影响,有利于揭示沙漠化的驱动机制。     

沙漠化过程中科尔沁沙地植物-土壤系统碳氮储量动态

研究了科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段(潜在、轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化)植物-土壤系统的有机碳与氮储量,以揭示沙漠化对碳氮动态的影响.结果表明,从潜在沙漠化到轻度、中度、重度和严重沙漠化,生物量(地上与地下)有机碳储量分别下降26.4%、51.0%、79.0%和91.0%,生物量氮储量分别下降33.6%、66.9%、87.4%和93.2%;土壤有机碳储量分别下降52.2%、75.9%、87.0%和90.1%,土壤全氮储量分别下降43.5%、71.0%、81.3%和82.7%.植物-土壤系统的有机碳与氮储量大小为:潜在沙漠化(C:5 266 g·m^-2和N:534 g·m^-2)>轻度沙漠化(C:2 619 g·m^-2和N:303 g·m^-2>中度沙漠化(C:1368 g·m^-2和N:156 g·m^-2)>重度沙漠化(C:715 g·m-^-2和N:99 g·m^-2)>严重沙漠化(C:517 g·m^-2和N:91 g·m^-2).研究结果表明,生物量碳氮储量的衰减在沙漠化后期(从重度到严重)快于沙漠化初期(从潜在到轻度),而土壤碳氮储量的衰减在沙漠化初期快于沙漠化后期;沙漠化过程中土壤有机碳储量的衰减要快于全氮,而生物量氮储量的衰减在沙漠化初期快于碳,在后期则相反.     

饱和砂土地震液化后地面大位移特性研究

地震引起的地基液化常会造成地基大的侧向变形而导致灾难性的破坏,饱水砂土液化后的变形特性是地震液化大位移研究的基础。通过全自动多功能三轴仪的空心样动加载液化后的静扭剪试验,对饱水砂土液化后大变形特性进行了试验研究。结果表明,与常规静加载特性不同,饱水砂土液化后静加载时表现出单调剪胀的特性,加载初始阶段孔压基本不变,应变达到一定幅度后孔压一直减小,液化后变形曲线可分为低强度段和强度恢复段。低强度段模量近乎为零,强度恢复段试样强度不断增长。低强度段是液化后大变形发生的主要阶段。     

The persistence of insecticidal chemicals in soils treated with granular formulations of disulfoton and their uptake by potato plants

Abstract

Potatoes were grown from cut seed in Plainfield sand treated in‐furrow with disulfoton (Di‐Syston 15G, 3.36 kg Al/ha) in 1983 and from whole seed in similarly treated loam in 1991. Soils were contained in 2 m² field plots. Soil, seed potato and foliage were analyzed for the insecticide and its sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites during the 8–12 wk following planting. Disulfoton disappeared at different rates from the two soils (k_sand=0.024 day^‐1, k_loam=0.056 day^‐1) with partial conversion to the sulfoxide and sulfone in both. Larger quantities of the three insecticidal components were absorbed by the seed potato in the cut‐seed/sand combination. The relative amounts of these components in the seed potato also differed between treatments with disulfoton being the largest component of the cut‐seed/sand and smallest in the whole‐seed/loam. Disulfoton sulfoxide and sulfone were the major insecticidal components of the foliage and concentrations in the initial foliage (each ca. 10 ppm) were similar for both treatments. Sulfoxide concentrations in the foliage decreased more rapidly than the sulfone and the decrease in concentration of each of the components was similar for the two treatments.     

Dissipation of terbuthylazine,metolachlor, and mesotrione in soils with contrasting texture

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione at different depths in soils with contrasting texture. The field trial was conducted at the Padua University Experimental Farm, north-east Italy. The persistence of three herbicides was studied in three different soil textures (clay soil, sandy soil, and loamy soil) at two depths (0–5 and 5–15 cm). Soil organic carbon content was highest in the clay (1.10%) followed by loam (0.67%) and sandy soil (0.24%); the pH of soils was sub-alkaline. Terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione were applied on maize as a formulated product (Lumax®) at a dose of 3.5 L ha^?1. Their dissipation in the treated plots was followed for 2 months after application. The concentrations of herbicides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dissipation of terbuthylazine, metolachlor, and mesotrione could be described by a pseudo first-order kinetics. Terbuthylazine showed the highest DT50, followed by metolachlor and mesotrione. Considering the tested soil, the highest DT50 value was found in clay soil for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas for mesotrione there was no difference among soils. Significant differences were found between the two soil depths for terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas none were found for mesotrione. These results suggest that soil texture and depth have a strong influence on the dissipation of terbuthylazine and metolachlor, whereas no influence was observed on mesotrione because of its chemical and physical properties.     

我国北方风沙灾害加剧的成因及其发展趋势

综合分析了我国风沙灾害加剧的原因,并从我国北方沙漠、沙地形成演变的地理格局,探讨了我国沙化过程的中、长期发展趋势。本文认为,我国近年风沙灾害的加剧是在气候趋于干燥化背景下,人类大面积发展沙区生产的结果,但是,目前的流沙分布范围仍不及末次冰期极盛时期。未来我国风沙灾害的发展主要取决于气候增温背景下降水的时空分布、沙区的风化变化与地表土地的利用格局。     

Climate change and sandy land development in Qinghai Lake Watershed, China

The Qinghai Lake Watershed, containing the largest saline lake in northwest of China, has suffered from severe sandy land development in recent years. This paper analyzes its daily precipitation, temperature, and wind from 1958 to 2001, and the spatial and temporal distributions of sandy land through the interpretation of remote sensing images covering four years (1977, 1987, 2000, and 2004). Results showed that since the middle of the 1960s, the daily precipitation (P) of 0<P⩽5 mm decreased, while the P>20 mm increased significantly (S<0.05) in their annual total amounts and days. The maximum daily precipitation also increased significantly. Both the maximum dry spell and the total dry spell of more than ten days had a significant upward trend. Since the beginning of the 1960s, all the extremely high, extremely low and mean temperatures increased significantly (S<0.01), at a rate of 0.1°C/10a, 0.2°C/10a, and 0.2°C/10a, respectively. The days with extremely high temperature had a significant upward trend, while the days with extremely low temperature had a significant downward trend. The Qinghai Lake was significantly shrinking (S<0.01) and provided abundant sediments for Aeolian erosion. The NNW wind prevailed in the watershed, and the largest scale wind was from the west and concentrated on the dry months. As a result, the sandy land was mainly born on the east bank of Qinghai Lake. The total sandy land area in the watershed had grown from 587.4 km², 660.7 km², 697.6 km² to 805.8 km², accordingly, its area percentage growing from 2.0%, 2.2%, 2.4% to 2.7%, respectively.