南方丘陵山区典型地物景观特征尺度研究

景观的特征尺度反映了人与自然交互作用的空间过程,合理识别景观空间结构及其特征尺度有助于遥感影像景观空间异质性分析。论文以地处南方丘陵山区的福建省福州市为研究区,针对城市、农田、森林与水域4种地物景观,基于SPOT 10 m影像,分别利用半方差分析、小波分析与平均局部方差方法,开展景观特征尺度研究。结果表明:①不同景观类型的空间异质性差异较大,其中森林景观空间异质性最大,其次为城市、农田景观,水域的空间异质性最小;②小波方差分析和半方差分析分别检测到两个不同的特征尺度,而局部方差仅仅检测到较小的空间结构;③森林景观特征尺度比通常偏小,与南方丘陵山区破碎地形有关,城市景观更多体现为人类活动的影响,南方丘陵山区城市景观至少具有两种不同的空间结构,其特征尺度均较小,农田景观特征尺度最大。基于小波分析与半方差各自的特点,总结提炼出综合两种方法合理识别景观特征尺度的基本流程,即:首先开展小波分析,然后在此基础上利用半方差分析多种理论模型组合从而获得更详细的特征尺度信息,模型组合个数与参数初始值依据小波分析的结果而定。     

Modeling Flow,Nutrient, and Sediment Delivery from a Large International Watershed Using a Field‐Scale SWAT Model

A large international watershed, the St. Clair‐Detroit River System, containing both extensive urban and agricultural areas, was modeled using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The watershed, located in southeastern Michigan, United States, and southwestern Ontario, Canada, encompasses the St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit (DT), Sydenham (SY), Upper, and Lower Thames subwatersheds. The SWAT input data and model resolution (i.e., hydrologic response units, HRUs), were established to mimic farm boundaries, the first time this has been done for a watershed of this size. The model was calibrated (2007–2015) and validated (2001–2006) with a mix of manual and automatic methods at six locations for flow and water quality at various time scales. The model was evaluated using Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and percent bias and was used to explore major water quality issues. We showed the importance of allowing key parameters to vary among subwatersheds to improve goodness of fit, and the resulting parameters were consistent with subwatershed characteristics. Agricultural sources in the Thames and SY subwatersheds and point sources from DT subwatershed were major contributors of phosphorus. Spatial distribution of phosphorus yields at HRU and subbasin levels identified locations for potential management targeting for both point and nonpoint sources and revealed that in some subwatersheds nonpoint sources are dominated by urban sources.     

Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed‐methods study

Career success is a main focus of career scholars as well as organizational stakeholders. Historically, career success has been conceptualized and measured in an objective manner, mainly as salary, rank, or number of promotions. However, the changing nature of work has also necessitated a change in the way many employees view success, adding a more subjective component. Although there has been theoretical discussion and calls to develop a comprehensive measure of subjective career success, no contemporary comprehensive quantitative measure exists. The goal of this study was to create and validate a measure of subjective career success, titled the Subjective Career Success Inventory (SCSI). The SCSI includes 24 items that address subjective career success via eight dimensions. The scale was developed and validated through four phases of data collection, beginning with interviews and focus groups, followed by item sorting tasks, then item refinement through confirmatory factor analysis, and finally convergent and discriminant validity quantitative analysis. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

衣康酸/苯乙烯磺酸共聚物的合成及其阻垢性能研究

以衣康酸(IA)和苯乙烯磺酸(SSA)为原料,合成IA／SSA共聚物阻垢剂,确定的最佳合成条件：反应温度为103℃,反应时间为2h,引发剂用量为7％(占单体总质量),IA：SSA质量比为2．8：1。在此工艺条件下合成的IA／SSA共聚物阻垢剂,其阻碳酸钙垢的阻垢率可达99％。     

大气环境质量评价的标度指数法

提出用标度表示大气污染物分指数和大气环境质量综合指数新概念。依据大气污染物浓度等比赋值,其危害程度等差分级原则,导出了标度分指数和综合指数的计算公式。标度分指数表达形式简单、规范,对任何污染程度都以统一基准衡量;标度综合指数既能反映多种污染物并存对环境的综合影响,又适当突出严重污染物对环境的危害。通过对实例的应用、分析和比较,证实了该评价方法的有效性、可比性和通用性,且这些性质不受污染物种类和数目多少的限制。     

磷石膏制硫酸钾中试研究

以湿法磷酸副产的磷石膏和工业品氯化钾为原料 ,采用两步法 ,常温常压下 ,在 5 0 0 0t a工业化装置中 ,生产符合国标ZBG2 10 0 6 89农用一级品硫酸钾。整个过程流程较简单 ,能耗低 ,投资省 ,基本无“三废”排放。钾的收率达70 %。工艺条件稳定 ,产品质量稳定。中试结果与小试有较好的重复性 ,放大效果好。     

含膦羧酸共聚物的阻垢缓蚀剂在燃煤电厂灰水回收系统稳定处理的应用研究

本文总结介绍了含膦羧酸共聚物ＴＳ－６１７组份的阻垢缓蚀剂的在灰水回收系统中稳定处理的实验方法及情况。     

长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的数值模拟研究

将NCAR的中尺度天气预报模式MM5和作者开发的化学模式相耦合,建立了一个中尺度区域空气质量模式.利用该模式选取了2个典型个例研究了长江三角洲地区的区域臭氧化学问题.本研究的目的是利用模式再现并描述长江三角洲地区的大气物理化学过程,结合地面观测资料进一步定量分析控制该地区臭氧浓度的物理和化学因子.通过个例模拟和分析表明,模式基本反应了长江三角洲地区的大气物理化学过程,进一步的因子分析解释了模拟区域内1999 06 18(个例2)臭氧浓度普遍比1999 08 07(个例1)的臭氧浓度高的原因.模拟结果表明天气条件决定的大气动力过程对区域空气质量起着至关重要的作用,这也是个例2区域臭氧浓度普遍偏高的最主要因素之一.分析表明,物理因子(平流输送,垂直湍流输送)的作用和化学因子的作用同样重要.同时还做了模式参数的敏感性实验研究,并对中尺度云雨化学模拟及其对臭氧化学的影响做了初步研究.     

农业技术进步、规模效率与粮食安全——以东北三省粳稻、玉米为例

以东北三省粳稻、玉米为例,使用DEA-malmquist指数法实证检验农业技术进步、规模效率与粮食生产效率增长之间的关系。结果发现:①2000—2019年,吉林和黑龙江均保持了良好的粮食生产效率。②黑龙江属于"农业技术进步单一驱动型"的生产模式,而辽宁、吉林属于"农业技术进步和技术效率双驱动型"的生产模式。③吉林玉米生产的规模效率非有效,辽宁农业技术进步的衰退分别阻碍了各自粮食生产效率的提高。基于以上研究,提出建议:黑龙江、吉林、辽宁3省应因地制宜,分别通过增加农业财政投入、加强农业科技研发力度、鼓励农地流转等措施为粮食安全保驾护航。     

Precarious work or sustainable livelihoods? Aligning Prestea's Programme with the development dialogue on artisanal and small‐scale mining

Alternative livelihoods programmes (ALPs) are extensively executed in mining communities, often as models of development dialogue on artisanal and small‐scale mining (ASM). This paper assesses whether Prestea's ALP aligns with the development dialogue on artisanal mining. The conceptual design of ALP in Ghana's Prestea is based on the notions of substitution, homogenous community, and impact scalability. This paper argues that the Prestea ALP is not aligned with the development dialogue on artisanal mining, and therefore it is difficult to understand the role and function of environmentally‐damaging behaviours within livelihood strategies. The paper contends that it would be appropriate to concentrate on improving the existing artisanal miners’ operation of those most susceptible to resource access restrictions. Further, it may be more prudent to utilize livelihood‐centered interventions that create strong connections with sustainable development as a way of creating regular community engagements. Additionally, this paper argues that the term for the intervention programme on artisanal mining should be replaced with the broader term ‘livelihood‐centered intervention’. The replacement of the term ‘ALP’ avoids the tacit belief that ALP can adequately replace artisanal mining operations. Livelihood‐centered intervention should not necessarily utilize alternative livelihoods as direct behavioural change instruments.