Performance of various sub-grid scale models in large-eddy simulations of turbulent flow over complex terrain

Turbulent flow over a two-dimensional steep hill was analyzed by large-eddy simulations (LES). Here, six LES computations were carried out using four different sub-grid scale (SGS) models and two different ground surface conditions. The accuracy of these computations was assessed by comparing the results with those from an experiment by Ishihara et al. (An experimental study of turbulent boundary layer over a steep hill, Proceedings of the 15th National Symposium on Wind Engineering, 1998, pp. 61–66; J. Wind Eng. 89 (2001) 573). The results of the dynamic SGS models were in very poor agreement with those of the experiment. The poor prediction accuracy was mainly caused by the inaccurate estimation of the model coefficient near the ground surface. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the dynamic SGS models, a hybrid SGS model, i.e., a combination of the standard Smagorinsky model and the dynamic Smagorinsky model, was introduced. The hybrid model provided very accurate predictions and produced the best results of the four SGS models compared here.     

农作物种植结构与农民收入及其对环境影响的分析

农民增收问题是三农问题的重要环节。本文以湖南省张家界市慈利县零溪镇大庄村第五、八、十六组为研究对象,分析了自1980年实行土地包产到户以来农作物种植结构的变化及农民收入之间的关系,认为在本地以柑橘为主的单一类型农作物规模化经营最有利于降低农民劳动强度、提高农民收入,对环境既有正面影响也有负面影响,并对其带来的环境影响提出了思考和建议。     

常德市酸雨化学特征、趋势分析及控制对策

常德市是中南地区酸雨污染最为严重的城市之一。以常德市2004年至2006年的降雨连续监测数据为基础,应用统计学相关分析的方法,对常德市158次降雨的变化特征进行了分析和研究。结果表明,常德市降雨酸度呈波动性变化,近3年的降雨pH年均值都在5．4以下,对降雨中离子含量的分析可知,酸雨主要为硫酸型,有向硫酸和硝酸混合型转化的趋势。降雨中的主要离子浓度和通量在冬、春季节高于夏、秋季节,降雨中阴阳离子极不平衡,[SO4^2-]和[Ca^2＋]浓度对降雨离子的平衡有较大的影响。常德市的净酸度沉积量在2004年高达199．29meq m^-2yr^-1,而从2004年-2006年,净酸度沉积量和离子沉降总通量均在逐年降低,表明常德市降雨酸化现象有所缓和．     

Assessing the not‐invented‐here syndrome: Development and validation of implicit and explicit measurements

The not‐invented‐here (NIH) syndrome has been called one of the largest obstacles in innovation management, preventing effective knowledge transfer between organizational units and individuals. NIH is defined as a negatively shaped attitude towards knowledge that has to cross a disciplinary, spatial, or organizational boundary, resulting in either its suboptimal utilization or its rejection. Our goal is to equip scholars with appropriate measurement instruments for the phenomenon. On the basis of 4 studies with 1,238 subjects overall, we developed an implicit measure based on the implicit‐association test as well as an explicit (survey) measure of NIH, taking into account theoretical insights on attitude structure. We provide evidence for reliability as well as construct and criterion validity. We want to facilitate further research on NIH and knowledge transfer (a) by providing a better theoretical framework for NIH on the basis of the tripartite componential model of attitudes, (b) by demonstrating the application of association‐based implicit measures for management research, and (c) by providing a validated multidimensional survey scale to measure NIH explicitly. We also provide recommendations on how managers can utilize the NIH measurement instruments to investigate NIH and potential countermeasures in detail and they can test the behavioral outcomes postulated by previous research.     

含铝铁硅固废制备PSAF混凝剂RSM优化与结构表征

研究了以粉煤灰和氧化铁皮为原料制备聚硅酸铝铁混凝剂的影响因素及产品微观结构和形貌,选取碱化度、nAl：nFe、聚合温度、反应时间对透光率进行4因素3水平响应面实验.得出制备优化方案：碱化度为0.5,nAl：nFe为1.38,聚合温度为39.2℃,反应时间为1.36h,透光率预测值达90.24%,验证试验均值相对误差1.20%,表明RSM优化模型可靠.结合产品表征测试,XRD分析主要物相为氯化钠,大范围衍射驼峰预示着浸出液聚合形成了新的无定形物;FT-IR测试表明聚硅酸与Al³⁺、Fe³⁺之间存在较多金属-OH等非离子键络合态;TEM测试结果显示产品为高聚集度和枝化度的网状结构;TG分析表明产品在400℃以前失去结合水和羟基,700℃左右产品主要化学键断裂,对应DSC图中均出现较强吸热峰,产品具有较好的稳定性.     

北方农牧交错带干旱脆弱性时空格局演变

干旱脆弱性研究为北方农牧交错带人地系统的“整合”研究提供了新思路与分析框架。论文运用VSD脆弱性评估框架,将系统脆弱性分解为暴露度、敏感性、适应能力3个维度,以北方农牧交错带112个县域为研究单元,以2000、2008、2015年社会经济统计数据、气象数据、遥感影像数据为研究基础,运用模糊层次分析、空间热点探测分析和变异系数分析等方法,对各县域干旱脆弱性时空演变特征进行分析与总结。研究结论：1）研究区干旱脆弱性指数逐步降低,整体呈现东北地区低脆弱、西南地区高脆弱的空间格局。2）研究区暴露度指数先上升、后下降,且由东北向西南逐渐增高;敏感性指数先下降、后上升,呈现空间碎片化特征;适应能力指数逐步提高,呈现中部高度适应、东部中度适应、西部低度适应的格局。3）研究区干旱脆弱性差异度先增大、后减小,且呈现西、南部差异度大,东、北部差异度小的格局。4）研究区干旱脆弱性冷、热点个数增加明显,2000—2008年冷热点个数增加最明显;空间上,热点先由中部向西部蔓延,冷点由东部边界区向西部、南部扩展,形成了东部边界冷点集聚带和中、西部热点集聚区。     

西洞庭湖入湖河流磷的污染特征

为识别西洞庭湖长江三口分流来水与洞庭湖水系河流来水磷元素的污染特征,于2016年1-12月在西洞庭湖的主要入湖河流松滋河（三口分流河道）、沅江和澧水（洞庭湖水系河流）开展了水文水质同步调查,研究了入湖河流中磷浓度和组成的时空分布特征,剖析了水文因素对磷污染特征的影响,探究了磷的来源结构.结果表明,3条主要入湖河流流量平均值表现为沅江（1 718 m3/s）>松滋河（935 m3/s）>澧水（884 m3/s）,ρ（TP）平均值表现为沅江（0.070 mg/L） < 澧水（0.077 mg/L） < 松滋河（0.138 mg/L）;沅江的年均入湖磷通量（4 177.26 t/a）对于西洞庭湖磷污染而言仍起主导作用;沅江、澧水与松滋河的磷的形态以DTP（溶解态磷,占比为78.56%~90.19%）为主,并且松滋河DTP占比（90.19%）显著高于沅江和澧水（78.56%~83.34%）.进一步的分析显示,3条河流的磷污染状况受水文因素影响显著,沅江和澧水磷浓度表现为汛期高于非汛期,磷的主要来源为非点源;松滋河的磷浓度表现为非汛期高于汛期,汛期主要取决于长江来水状况,非汛期主要取决于松滋口以下区间的点源污染状况.研究显示,3条河流磷浓度和形态均具有时空差异性,并且年内变化规律差异较大.      

特征雷达图的设计及其在大气污染成因分析中的应用

为了更好地利用环境监测数据进行污染成因分析,提出数学算法,对多种污染物进行百分比成分谱化,并除以一定时期（或一定区域）的平均值,从而得到标准化特征谱,以消除污染物浓度变化的影响以及不同污染物间浓度值差异的影响;通过设计特征雷达图的方式,直观和快速地展现大气污染特征在时间序列和空间上发生的变化特征,为环境管理部门利用空气质量常规监测数据开展动态决策提供便利.该方法既可利用单点历史数据开展历史特征雷达图分析,也可基于区域多站点数据开展区域特征雷达图分析.该方法在时间序列上可以判断出偏沙尘污染型、偏燃煤污染型、偏二次颗粒物污染型、偏机动车污染型、偏烟花污染型等多个污染类型;在区域分布中可以判断出偏燃煤污染区、偏机动车污染区、偏钢铁污染区等多个区域类型.该方法除可应用于空气质量常规监测数据外,也可应用于其他组分数据如碳质组分、水溶性离子组分及元素组分等数据的分析.      

WATER QUALITY OF AN INTENSWE AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED IN QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: . Under a watershed based approach being examined by the Quebec Ministry of Agriculture to accelerate the adoption of conservation practices, a study on the impacts of agricultural practices on the St. Esprit watershed was initiated in the fall of 1993. The water quality of this 26 km² intensive agricultural watershed was studied over an 18 month period. Water samples taken at the outlet of the watershed were analyzed for nitrate, phosphate, suspended sediment, and atrazine. Water quality data were analyzed to establish seasonal trends in pollutant concentration and load in the watercourse. Spring snowmelt was identified as a significant period of pollutant material export. All pollutant materials displayed seasonal variability in the export process. Peak pollutant concentrations were associated with high flow events. Mean observed pollutant concentrations did not exceed drinking water quality standards.     

关于小型污水处理厂实验室管理的若干问题探讨

从分析小型污水处理厂实验室现状入手,指出当前污水处理厂实验室存在的问题,并就其规范化管理的重要性进行了探讨。