循环磨料射流综合理论分析

循环磨料射流是磨料射流的一种重要形式。循环磨料浆液被高压水加速后直接输入喷嘴，构成具有强大打击力的磨料射流；特别适用于锻件、轧制件的除鳞除锈，铸件清砂等表面处理。要保证循环磨料射流在工业中应用，必须首先解决两个关键问题，即循环磨料射流浆体在管路中的正常流动、磨料的悬浮与沉降规律以及过碎的微小磨粒的剔除，以满足高效、连续的作业。本文论述了循环磨料射流的工作原理和主要工作参数的确定方法。     

交通事故发生规律与城市道路系统的规划设计研究

笔者分析了城市交通事故发生率与道路等级、道路断面形式、路网密度、交叉口形式、道路车速的关系及交通事故人群的分布规律,认为道路宽而稀、支路缺乏、街道功能不清是我国城市道路网与用地微观布局的基本特点。大量数据分析表明,这种路网体系与我国的城市交通事故率偏高有着密切关系。路网规划是城市路网建设的基本依据,笔者认为,应当将降低城市交通事故率作为路网规划的考虑内容之一,同时指出,应在路网规划中合理选择道路断面形式、交叉口形式,建议适度加密路网、健全支路体系、理清街道功能,并考虑城市道路的车速控制与驾驶心态调整。     

钢轨接头轨缝值和行车速度对轮轨垂向振动的影响

为了分析轨缝值与行车速度对车辆通过钢轨接头时产生的振动与噪声的影响程度,利用有限元方法,建立了车辆—轨道垂向耦合动力计算模型;该模型的车辆采用整车模型,共10个自由度;轨道结构采用3层弹性点支承有限长欧拉梁模型,共402个自由度;系统的激励大小可由轨缝值和行车速度推导出来,并运用赫兹非线性接触理论计算轮轨之间的相互作用力。采用该模型,结合快速显式迭代积分法和MATLAB6.5强大的矩阵分析功能,对不同轨缝值和车辆行驶速度条件下钢轨接头的动力响应进行了计算,为减振降噪提供理论依据。     

高速铁路轮轨噪声及其控制措施

高速铁路的发展,列车速度的提高使铁路噪声污染也急剧增加,不可避免地对人类生活带来了极大的负面影响,因此,发展高速铁路必须考虑噪声问题。笔者从噪声对人类产生的负面影响入手,分析了高速铁路噪声产生的原理,论述了轮轨噪声的组成及各组成部分对轮轨噪声的贡献程度。结合铁路噪声的评价指标,借鉴国内外相关经验,分别从轨道结构和车辆两方面详细阐述了控制轮轨噪声的措施。并总结了为了控制轮轨噪声,今后应重点发展的方向和重视的问题,对降低高速铁路轮轨噪声具有一定的指导意义。     

Risk factors for motorcycle loss-of-control crashes

Objective: The present article identifies and assesses the effect of critical factors on the risk of motorcycle loss-of-control (LOC) crashes.

Method: Data come from a French project on road crashes, which include all fatal road crashes and a random sample of 1/20th of nonfatal crashes in France in 2011, based on police reports. A case–control study was carried out on a sample of 903 crashes for 444 LOC motorcycle riders (case) and 470 non-LOC and nonresponsible motorcycle riders (control). The sample was weighted due to the randomization of nonfatal crashes. Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation.

Results: Road alignment and surface conditions, human factors, and motorcycle type played important roles in motorcycle LOC crashes. Riding in a curve was associated with a 3-fold greater risk of losing control of motorcycle than riding in a straight line. Poor road adhesion significantly increased the risk of losing control; the risk increased more than 20-fold when deteriorated road adhesion was encountered unexpectedly, due to loose gravel, ice, oil, bumps, road marking, metal plates, etc. For motorcyclists, riding with a positive blood alcohol concentration (over or equal to the legal limit of 0.5 g/L) was very dangerous, often resulting in losing control. The risk of LOC crash varied for different types of motorcycle: Riders of roadsters and sports bikes were more likely to have an LOC crash greater than that of riders of basic or touring motorcycles. In addition, LOC risk increased with speed; a model using the square of the traveling speed showed better fit than one using speed itself.

Conclusion: The LOC crash factors related to riders, vehicles, and road infrastructure identified here were expected but were rarely identified and taken simultaneously into account in previous studies. They could be targeted by countermeasures to improve motorcyclist safety.     

深部开采钻孔校验中钻进速度对钻杆转速影响的试验研究

通过对钻孔过程中的钻头破煤机理及影响钻杆转速变化的因素进行理论分析,提出了钻进速度与钻杆转速的对应变化关系,并利用钻进装置、加载装置及自主研制的钻孔多参量测试装置进行试验分析,验证了利用钻杆转速法测定煤体应力大小的可行性,同时对不同钻进速度下钻杆转速的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:在钻头、钻杆、煤岩体参数及钻孔前钻杆空转转速一定时,钻杆转速与钻进速度大致呈现负指数的函数关系,钻进速度越小,钻杆转速越大,反之,钻杆转速越小。研究钻进速度对钻杆转速的影响,可以减少利用转速指标对冲击地压等动力灾害的预测误差,实现高效预警。     

Starting improvement of micro-wind turbines operating in low wind speed regions

The study deals with the design and optimization of external and internal geometry of micro-wind turbines blades. A specified objective function which consists of the power coefficient and the starting time was defined and the genetic algorithm optimization technique in conjunction with the blade-element momentum theory was adopted to find the geometry of the blades including the distributions of the chord, the twist angle and also the shell thickness. Moreover, the allowable stress of the blades was considered as a constraint to the objective function. Results show that a reasonable compromise is achievable such that the starting time of the blades reduces noticeably in return for a small drop in the power coefficient. The significant improvement of the hollow blades over the solid ones indicates that the power coefficient and the starting performance could be improved through the appropriate distributions of the considered decision variables, i.e. the chord, the twist angle and also the shell thickness.     

强风环境非平稳风速模型及应用

提出了强风环境非平稳风速分析模型。该模型将风速记录分解为时变平均风和零均值平稳脉动风分量两部分,给出了经验模型法确定时变平均风的步骤并重新定义了风特性参数的计算公式。分别采用非平稳和平稳风速模型进行了1 851小时实测强风资料的风特性参数计算并做了对比分析。结果显示非平稳模型计算得到的紊流强度和积分尺度较平稳模型小,而平均风速及相干函数的衰减系数则相当接近,非平稳模型较平稳模型更适合描述强风特性。     

SDJ/W25高低温恒湿环境试验箱

在科技高速发展的今天,越来越多的精密仪器需要进行高低温及湿热试验,以便对试品在给定环境条件下的行为能力作出评价。精密仪器往往要求低风速,低震动和高精度温场。本文介绍环境试验设备如何实现低风速、低震动下,温场高精度。     

湿法脱硫石膏脱水系统设备配置及优化

石膏脱水系统作为FGD的重要辅助系统,对于吸收塔运行指标、荣液条件、物料平衡、经济运行、副产物综合利用都有重要作用。介绍了湿法脱硫石膏一、二级脱水系统的流程和设备特点,着重分析研究了系统中一级脱水设备、皮带机冲洗系统、滤液水系统、废水旋流设备等的配置、选型和优化方案。