序批式生物反应器填埋场脱氮微生物多样性分析

为探究序批式生物反应器填埋场脱氮过程中的微生物作用机制,本研究采用建立脱氮功能基因(amoA、nosZ)克隆文库及PCR-RFLP技术对序批式生物反应器填埋场垃圾稳定化后期的主要脱氮功能微生物多样性进行分析.结果表明,矿化垃圾反应器中检测到的氨氧化细菌存在高度多样性,大部分为未知类群,且均为不可培养菌或未经分离获得的细菌,经系统发育树分析系统内氨氧化细菌以β-变形菌门中的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)为主;新鲜垃圾反应器中反硝化细菌种群丰富,主要有β-变形菌纲中的陶厄氏菌属(Thauera)和硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus).Thauera属在好氧条件下具有反硝化特性,Thiobacillus属中的脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)是一种硫自养反硝化菌,可见新鲜垃圾单元稳定化后期以好氧反硝化和自养反硝化的脱氮途径为主.此外文库中检测到的一部分反硝化细菌可能归属于α-变形菌纲的慢生根瘤菌科(Bradyrhizobiaceae).     

镉胁迫下稻田土壤微生物基因多样性的DGGE分子指纹分析

采用现代分子生物学技术,避开传统的分离培养过程,探讨重金属镉污染条件下稻田土壤微生物种群的基因多样性.经过直接从土壤中抽提总DNA,并对总DNA中16S rDNA及其中 V3可变区序列作PCR扩增、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析等,对镉胁迫下稻田土壤总DNA、微生物种类分布进行了初步的研究,发现不同浓度镉胁迫下稻田土壤间的菌种有明显差异,DGGE技术可以用于污染环境下微生物多样性研究.同时对DGGE分子指纹图谱的生物信息学分析作了初步尝试,为污染环境下土壤微生物多样性研究提供了新的实验方法与依据.     

Implications of Macroalgal Isolation by Distance for Networks of Marine Protected Areas

The global extent of macroalgal forests is declining, greatly affecting marine biodiversity at broad scales through the effects macroalgae have on ecosystem processes, habitat provision, and food web support. Networks of marine protected areas comprise one potential tool that may safeguard gene flow among macroalgal populations in the face of increasing population fragmentation caused by pollution, habitat modification, climate change, algal harvesting, trophic cascades, and other anthropogenic stressors. Optimal design of protected area networks requires knowledge of effective dispersal distances for a range of macroalgae. We conducted a global meta‐analysis based on data in the published literature to determine the generality of relation between genetic differentiation and geographic distance among macroalgal populations. We also examined whether spatial genetic variation differed significantly with respect to higher taxon, life history, and habitat characteristics. We found clear evidence of population isolation by distance across a multitude of macroalgal species. Genetic and geographic distance were positively correlated across 49 studies; a modal distance of 50–100 km maintained F_ST < 0.2. This relation was consistent for all algal divisions, life cycles, habitats, and molecular marker classes investigated. Incorporating knowledge of the spatial scales of gene flow into the design of marine protected area networks will help moderate anthropogenic increases in population isolation and inbreeding and contribute to the resilience of macroalgal forests. Implicaciones del Aislamiento por Distancia de Macroalgas para Redes de Áreas Marinas Protegidas     

Xα21基因导入水稻及转基因植株的鉴定

以水稻愈伤组织为受体、质粒pCXK1301为Xα21基因供体,用农杆菌EHA105和PDS－1000／He基因枪转化受体,经Hyg浓度梯度筛选,获得一些转基因水稻植株,GUS检测、PCR扩增和Southern杂交分析表明,报告基因（GUS）、选择标记基因（Hyg^r）和抗白叶枯病基因Xα21都已整合入转化水稻基因组中,Southern杂分析显示了Xα21基因在转化水稻基因组中整合的拷贝数。田间接菌鉴定表现抗白叶枯病。     

微生物抗重金属毒性研究进展

不少重金属是微生物正常生长的必需元素 ,但是当重金属在菌体内浓度过高时 ,会对菌体产生毒性。微生物可通过细胞的表面富集与细胞膜成分的改变减小毒性的破坏 ,在重金属进一步的诱导下 ,菌体会产生由结构基因与调节基因组成的抗性基因 ,通过多途径的联合作用对重金属的毒性进行解毒     

Evaluating unintended consequences of intentional species introductions and eradications for improved conservation management

Increasingly intensive strategies to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem function are being deployed in response to global anthropogenic threats, including intentionally introducing and eradicating species via assisted migration, rewilding, biological control, invasive species eradications, and gene drives. These actions are highly contentious because of their potential for unintended consequences. We conducted a global literature review of these conservation actions to quantify how often unintended outcomes occur and to elucidate their underlying causes. To evaluate conservation outcomes, we developed a community assessment framework for systematically mapping the range of possible interaction types for 111 case studies. Applying this tool, we quantified the number of interaction types considered in each study and documented the nature and strength of intended and unintended outcomes. Intended outcomes were reported in 51% of cases, a combination of intended outcomes and unintended outcomes in 26%, and strictly unintended outcomes in 10%. Hence, unintended outcomes were reported in 36% of all cases evaluated. In evaluating overall conservations outcomes (weighing intended vs. unintended effects), some unintended effects were fairly innocuous relative to the conservation objective, whereas others resulted in serious unintended consequences in recipient communities. Studies that assessed a greater number of community interactions with the target species reported unintended outcomes more often, suggesting that unintended consequences may be underreported due to insufficient vetting. Most reported unintended outcomes arose from direct effects (68%) or simple density-mediated or indirect effects (25%) linked to the target species. Only a few documented cases arose from more complex interaction pathways (7%). Therefore, most unintended outcomes involved simple interactions that could be predicted and mitigated through more formal vetting. Our community assessment framework provides a tool for screening future conservation actions by mapping the recipient community interaction web to identify and mitigate unintended outcomes from intentional species introductions and eradications for conservation.     

Effects of sepiolite and biochar on microbial diversity in acid red soil from southern China

Sepiolite and biochar can immobilize heavy metals and organic pollutants in soil effectively, but their impact on the soil microbial community and diversity is still unclear. High-throughput Illumina MiSeq method was used to study the effects of sepiolite and biochar on the diversity of microbial communities in acid red soil amended with cadmium and atrazine. A total of 47,472 microbiological Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were found in all the treated soil samples. Sepiolite and biochar enriched the diversity of soil microbes at different classification levels and OTUs, but the effect of biochar was stronger than that of sepiolite. A Venn diagram showed that compared with other treatments, adding 2% biochar could promote the growth of specific microbes, which is better than the case for 5% biochar. The heat map of species abundance cluster showed that the dominant microbes in soil were different for different treatment doses of sepiolite and biochar. Among all the soil treatments, the top ten dominant bacterial phyla (from high to low dominance) were: Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria­, and Verrucomicrobia. The addition of sepiolite and biochar promoted the restoration of the microbial community diversity in contaminated soil.     

硫铁填料和微电流强化再生水脱氮除磷的研究

为提高再生水质量,在不同C/N和HRT条件下,对比分析硫铁复合填料和微电流作用强化再生水深度脱氮除磷效果.结果表明,硫铁复合填料和微电流作用均能够强化氮、磷的深度去除效果,且二者结合能够使反硝化系统pH值稳定在7.2~8.5之间.系统中TN主要靠异养反硝化、氢自养反硝化和硫自养反硝化作用去除,94.04%的TP是以生成磷酸铁沉淀的形式去除.分别从填料上取生物膜,进行Miseq高通量测序,构建细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库.结果发现,在仅有海绵铁作用系统中,同时具有异养反硝化和氢自养反硝化功能的细菌所占比例达到29.47%;硫铁复合填料和硫铁微电流作用系统中,具有硫自养反硝化功能的Thiobacillus(硫杆菌属)所占比例分别达到60.47%和40.62%.因此,硫铁复合填料和微电流作用用于强化再生水深度脱氮除磷具有明显的优势.     

腈菌唑不同对映体对丽斑麻蜥性腺系统的影响

腈菌唑(myclobutanil,MT)是一种应用广泛的手性杀菌剂,其手性对映体为(+)-腈菌唑(MT1)和(-)-腈菌唑(MT2)。腈菌唑手性单体具有不同的生物活性,但很少有其对爬行动物的对应选择毒性研究。为了评估腈菌唑手性单体对丽斑麻蜴性腺系统的毒性影响,将MT1(50 mg·kg-1)和MT2(50 mg·kg-1)以经口灌胃方式分别暴露给蜥蜴28 d。暴露期间,记录观察蜥蜴体重、血液中性激素(睾酮T和雌二醇E2)浓度以及性腺相关基因(3β-HSD、17β-HSD、CYP11A、CYP17、CYP19A、ER-α和AR)的表达图谱的变化。在MT1暴露组中,蜥蜴体重在28 d出现明显下降。而在MT2暴露组中,蜥蜴体重没有明显变化。雄性蜥蜴在经过1 d的暴露后,E2浓度在MT1暴露组中明显下降,而在MT2暴露组中明显上升。这些结果表明了腈菌唑手性单体的对映选择性毒性。在MT2暴露14 d后,雌性蜥蜴中CYP19A基因的表达上调弥补了体内E2浓度的降低。在MT1暴露的14 d,蜥蜴卵巢中观察到的CYP11A和CYP17基因表达下调以及CYP19A基因表达不变的这一现象解释了蜥蜴血液中E2和T的浓度减少。这些结果表明:MT1和MT2暴露对蜥蜴体内性激素造成不同的影响,而这些影响会相应改变性腺相关基因的表达。综上所述,MT1和MT2对性腺系统具有潜在的内分泌干扰效应,可能对蜥蜴造成不同程度的生殖损伤。     

腈菌唑手性单体对雄性丽斑麻蜥肝脏代谢功能的影响

腈菌唑(MT)是一种应用广泛的手性杀菌剂,其手性对映体为(+)-腈菌唑(MT1)和(-)-腈菌唑(MT2)。为评估腈菌唑单体暴露对丽斑麻蜥(Eremias argus)肝脏代谢功能的毒性影响,研究了MT1(5 mg·kg~(-1))和MT2(5 mg·kg~(-1))暴露28 d下蜥蜴体重、肝组织病理学和代谢相关基因表达的变化。结果显示,MT1暴露组的蜥蜴体重在28 d时出现显著下降。在MT1和MT2暴露后,蜥蜴的肝组织均出现了不同程度的病理学变化。在MT1暴露下,基因CYP1A1、CYP2D6、CYP3A4、CYP3A7和CYP2D3的表达水平未发生显著变化,而基因CYP2C8A的表达显著上调。在MT2暴露下,基因CYP3A4、CYP3A7和CYP2D3的表达未发生明显变化;基因CYP1A1和CYP2C8的表达显著下调;基因CYP2D6的表达显著上调。不同腈菌唑单体对蜥蜴体重、肝组织病理学以及代谢相关基因的表达影响不同,具有一定的对映选择性。