改性煤矸石对上覆水磷及底泥磷代谢关键基因的影响

将热活化煤矸石和镧改性煤矸石应用于封闭水体除磷固磷试验,采用16SrRNA高通量测序技术分析底泥微生态群落结构、聚磷细菌和磷代谢功能基因的变化.结果表明：镧改性煤矸石对上覆水TP的去除能力最高,稳定期上覆水TP浓度为0.023~0.028mg/L,较对照组低83.5%以上,热活化煤矸石对上覆水TP的去除能力较差,稳定期上覆水TP浓度为0.15mg/L左右,略低于对照组.热活化煤矸石和镧改性煤矸石均提高了底泥中微生物多样性,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）为底泥优势菌种.不同处理组底泥中聚磷细菌为Tetrasphaera和Candidatus_Accumulibacter,镧改性煤矸石显著降低了底泥中聚磷细菌的相对丰度.热活化煤矸石和镧改性煤矸石对多聚磷酸盐激酶（PPK）影响不大,但对外切聚磷酸酶（PPX）的抑制较大,热活化煤矸石抑制最大.     

碳添加对土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响——以松嫩平原盐碱耕地为例

采用高通量测序技术,研究秸秆、生物炭和纳米碳3种碳源添加对盐碱耕地土壤固碳细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,并分析土壤化学性质与固碳细菌群落多样性的关系.结果表明：3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落多样性,其中生物炭和纳米碳添加的土壤固碳细菌的Chao1指数、物种多样性、Shannon指数及系统多样性值均高于秸秆添加的.3种碳源添加均降低土壤固碳细菌群落的物种丰度,其中纳米碳添加的物种丰度大于秸秆和生物炭添加的.在群落组成方面及相对丰度上,3种碳源添加后的优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势菌纲为γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）,均在纳米碳添加后相对丰度最高,分别为90.38%、57.79%.群落组间差异分析结果显示,秸秆和纳米碳添加后土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异显著.冗余分析结果表明,土壤固碳细菌群落结构受土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷的综合影响,其中土壤pH值和有效磷含量是影响土壤固碳细菌群落结构的主要化学性质.综合来看,在盐碱耕地中添加秸秆、生物炭或纳米碳,都抑制了土壤固碳细菌群落的多样性和物种丰度,但纳米碳能够增加土壤固碳细菌群落结构差异.     

基于细菌学研究改性生物炭对抗生素的降解机制

分别选取3个裂解温度下制备的改性生物炭——MBC350,MBC500和MBC700,2种抗生素——磺胺甲噁唑（SMX）和氯霉素（CAP）,考察MBCs对SMX和CAP生物降解的影响及生物降解过程中Pseudomonas stutzeri和Shewanella putrefaciens的细菌学特征.结果表明,在低浓度MBCs培养的细菌体系中,SMX和CAP的去除主要依靠细菌P.stutzeri和S.putrefaciens的生物降解;而在高浓度MBCs培养的细菌体系中,SMX和CAP的去除主要依靠MBCs的吸附.其主要是由于随着MBCs浓度的增加,对SMX和CAP的吸附量提高,同时促进细菌的繁殖,导致溶液中较少的SMX和CAP被细菌生物降解.MBCs提高了P.stutzeri细胞膜中饱和脂肪酸含量,抑制了S.putrefaciens中饱和脂肪酸的合成.特别是P.stutzeri中脂肪酸C10：0和C15：1,cis-10消失;而S.putrefaciens中逆式脂肪酸C14：1,cis-9和C15：1,cis-10生成.此外,应用基因绝对定量技术发现MBCs显著提高了细菌P.stutzeri的基因表达拷贝数,抑制了S.putrefaciens的基因表达拷贝数.但细菌P.stutzeri和S.putrefaciens的基因表达拷贝数均随着MBCs浓度的增加而增加.因此,本研究表明低浓度MBCs有利于SMX和CAP的生物降解,而高浓度MBCs促进细菌的生长量,脂肪酸和基因表达拷贝数.     

玉米芯生物炭对污泥蚯蚓粪中微生物种群及ARGs的影响

较多的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）积蓄于剩余污泥中降低了污泥蚯蚓粪的农用价值.为削减污泥蚯蚓粪中的ARGs,向污泥中分别添加1.25%和5%（质量比）的玉米芯生物炭（简称玉米芯炭）,以无添加为对照组,揭示玉米芯炭对污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中微生物种群结构及ARGs的影响.结果表明：添加高含量玉米芯炭显著促进污泥有机质的矿化,提升蚯蚓堆肥产物的电导率和pH值（P<0.05）.同时,添加玉米芯炭能增加污泥蚯蚓粪中细菌16S rDNA和真核生物18S rDNA的丰度,且其丰度均与玉米芯炭添加量呈显著正相关性（P<0.05）.与对照组相比,高含量玉米芯炭污泥蚯蚓粪中变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门与浮霉菌门的相对丰度分别降低了11.8%、7.1%、33.3%和20%,但厚壁菌门的丰度显著增加了40%（P<0.05）.此外,添加玉米芯炭蚯蚓粪中大环内酯类抗性基因（ermF）和四环素类抗性基因（tetX）的绝对丰度较对照组分别显著降低了32%~45%和13%~31%（P<0.05）,但同时整合子基因（intI1）和磺胺类抗性基因（sul2）的丰度分别显著增加了47%~135%和9%~42%（P<0.05）.研究结果显示,添加玉米芯炭能增加污泥蚯蚓粪中微生物数量和种群多样性,加速有机质矿化,但对ARGs的削减具有选择性.     

Horizontal and vertical gene transfer drive sediment antibiotic resistome in an urban lagoon system

Rapid urbanization has resulted in pervasive occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in urban aquatic ecosystems. However, limited information is available concerning the ARG profiles and the forces responsible for their assembly in urban landscape lagoon systems. Here, we employed high-throughput quantitative PCR (HT-qPCR) to characterize the spatial variations of ARGs in surface and core sediments of Yundang Lagoon, China. The results indicated that the average richness and absolute abundance of ARGs were 11 and 53 times higher in the lagoon sediments as compared to pristine reference Tibetan lake sediments, highlighting the role of anthropogenic activities in ARG pollution. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated that various anaerobic prokaryotic genera belonging to Alpha-, Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Synergistetes were the potential hosts of ARGs. The partial least squares-path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis revealed positive and negative indirect effects of physicochemical factors and heavy metals on the lagoon ARG profiles, via biotic factors, respectively. The horizontal (mediated by mobile genetic elements) and vertical (mediated by prokaryotic communities) gene transfer may directly contribute the most to drive the abundance and composition of ARGs, respectively. Furthermore, the neutral community model demonstrated that the assembly of sediment ARG communities was jointly governed by deterministic and stochastic processes. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the diversity and distribution of ARGs in the benthic habitat of urban lagoon systems and underlying mechanisms for the spread and proliferation of ARGs.     

两种粒径纳米银对Nitrosomonas europaea的毒性效应

为明晰不同粒径纳米银（AgNPs）对欧洲亚硝化毛杆菌（Nitrosomonas europaea）的毒性效应,采用室内培养方式,探究10nm和50nm的AgNPs对N.europaea生长、氮转化能力、细胞结构、活性氧生成和功能基因表达的影响.结果表明,AgNPs暴露抑制N.europaea生长,随着暴露时间的延长,细菌生长抑制率增加,在4h达到最大值;培养基中NH₄⁺向NO₂^-转化速率减缓,N.europaea的铵态氮转化能力降低;扫描电镜（SEM）图像显示AgNPs造成部分细菌表面塌陷且有孔洞,细胞膜受损严重;透射电镜（TEM）图像显示AgNPs造成细菌内部核物质消融,细胞质膜界限模糊;流式细胞仪（FCM）检测发现AgNPs增加细胞内活性氧的生成;qRT-PCR技术对AgNPs暴露后N.europaea功能基因amoA、hao、merA表达进行测定,发现AgNPs抑制N.europaea功能基因的转录表达.综上所述,AgNPs通过与细胞膜相互作用和产生氧化应激损伤N.europaea,抑制amoA和merA的表达,进而影响铵态氮转化过程,且小粒径AgNPs的毒性强于大粒径.     

南岳古镇景观基因的居民感知特征及影响因素

以南岳古镇为研究对象,在识别景观基因的基础上,从建筑特征、形态布局和参考环境三个尺度,物质形态、功能作用和文化意义三个维度,以及颜色、形状、范围和建造年代四个形态要素等角度进行了问卷和访谈调查.结果发现,南岳大庙、环境尺度、物质形态和形状因素感知度最高,方形布局、布局尺度、物质形态和文化意义感知度最低;年龄、职业、教育程度、居住时间是影响古镇景观基因居民感知的因素,性别只在景观基因尺度有影响.     

基于QMEC分析的青藏高原不同类型冰川前缘地土壤微生物功能潜力

微生物通过多种功能代谢过程主导着因气候变暖裸露的冰川前缘地土壤元素的地球化学循环.以青藏高原的海洋型冰川、亚大陆型冰川和极大陆型冰川的前缘地土壤为研究对象,分析不同类型冰川前缘地土壤的微生物功能特征.依次选择玉龙冰川、天山乌鲁木齐1号冰川和老虎沟12号冰川作为三类冰川的典型代表,采用高通量功能基因芯片(QMEC)检测土壤微生物的功能基因特征.结果表明,在三类冰川前缘地土壤中,半纤维素降解基因和还原型乙酰辅酶A途径相关的碳固定基因丰度最高,三者主要的氮功能基因和氨化作用有关,磷、硫功能基因则主要与有机磷矿化过程和硫氧化过程相关.其中,水热条件较好的海洋型冰川的微生物功能基因的种类与丰度最高,其次为环境较为干燥的极大陆型冰川.三类冰川前缘地土壤的微生物功能基因结构的显著差异,证实了地理环境差异对微生物功能特征的影响,也为不同类型冰川前缘地土壤微生物的功能及其介导的元素地球化学循环研究提供了基础.     

噬菌体编码的抗生素抗性基因研究进展

噬菌体作为地球上丰度最高的生物体,对于全球生态系统的微生物群落组成与动态,生物地球化学循环和细菌进化等都具有重要作用,但噬菌体对抗生素抗性的贡献还所知甚少.通过宏基因组测序和定量PCR等技术,发现了海洋,河流,土壤,动物肠道等环境的噬菌体基因组中存在多种耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs).因此,噬菌体及其介导的转导作用可能对ARGs的富集扩散发挥着重要作用.本文综述了不同环境介质的噬菌体基因组中ARGs的分布特征以及噬菌体介导的ARGs水平转移的研究进展,同时展望了为阐明噬菌体对抗生素抗性贡献需要解决的科学问题.本文将为了解噬菌体在ARGs传播扩散中的作用以及扩展对可移动抗性组的认知奠定基础.     

Public views about editing genes in wildlife for conservation

Developments in CRISPR-based gene-editing technologies have generated a growing number of proposals to edit genes in wildlife to meet conservation goals. As these proposals have attracted greater attention, controversies have emerged among scientists and stakeholder groups over potential consequences and ethical implications of gene editing. Responsible governance cannot occur without consulting broader publics, yet little effort has been made to systematically assess public understandings and beliefs in relation to this new area of applied genetic engineering. We analyzed data from a survey of U.S. adults (n = 1600), collected by YouGov, and that examined respondents’ concerns about gene editing in animal and plant wildlife and how those concerns are shaped by cultural dispositions toward science and beliefs about the appropriateness of intervening in nature at the genetic level. On average, respondents perceived more risk than benefit in using these tools. Over 70% agreed that gene editing in wildlife could be “easily used for the wrong purposes.” When evaluating the moral acceptability of gene editing in wildlife, respondents evaluated applications to improve survival in endangered wildlife as more morally acceptable than applications to decrease abundance in a population or eliminate a population. Belief in the authority of scientific knowledge was positively related to favorable views of the benefits, risks, and moral acceptability of editing genes in wildlife. The belief that editing genes in wildlife inappropriately intervenes in nature predicted relatively more concern about risks and moral acceptability and skepticism about benefits. Given high levels of concern and skepticism about gene editing in wildlife for conservation among the U.S. public, a take-it-slow approach to making decisions about when or whether to use these tools is advisable. Early opinions, including those uncovered in this study, are likely to be provisional. Thus, consulting the public should be an ongoing process.