Effects of imazethapyr spraying on plant growth and leaf surface microbial communities in Arabidopsis thaliana

Imazethapyr (IM) is an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide that has been widely used in recent years. However, IM spraying can lead to the accumulation of herbicide residues in leaves. Here, we determined the effects of IM spraying on the plant growth and leaf surface microbial communities of Arabidopsis thaliana after 7 and 14?days of exposure. The results suggested that IM spraying inhibited plant growth. Fresh weight decreased to 48% and 26% of the control value after 7 and 14?days, respectively, of 0.035?kg/ha IM exposure. In addition, anthocyanin content increased 9.2-fold and 37.2-fold relative to the control content after 7 and 14?days of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, IM spraying destroyed the cell structures of the leaves, as evidenced by increases in the number of starch granules and the stomatal closure rate. Reductions in photosynthetic efficiency and antioxidant enzyme activity were observed after IM spraying, especially after 14?days of exposure. The diversity and evenness of the leaf microbiota were not affected by IM treatment, but the composition of community structure at the genus level was altered by IM spraying. Imazethapyr application increased the abundance of Pseudomonas, a genus that includes species pathogenic to plants and humans, indicating that IM potentially increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria on leaves. Our findings increase our understanding of the relationships between herbicide application and the microbial community structures on plant leaves, and they provide a new perspective for studying the ecological safety of herbicide usage.     

Diversity and structural characteristics of nitrogen-fixing bacterial community in tobacco-growing soils at different elevations in Panzhihua北大核心CSCD

固氮细菌在土壤氮素转换过程中发挥重要作用.为深入认识攀枝花地区农田土壤固氮细菌群落特征及其与土壤理化性质的关联性,以攀枝花米易县不同海拔高度(1 600 m、1 800 m、2 000 m)植烟土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术(high-throughput sequencing)对nifH基因进行测序,分析固氮细菌群落结构特征和多样性.结果显示,固氮酶活性随海拔升高而逐渐降低,并与土壤有机碳及全氮呈极显著正相关(P <0.01);固氮细菌群落多样性指数在海拔1 800 m处达到最大值.3个海拔土壤共获得高质量序列1 159 980条,所检测到的固氮细菌分属于4个门、11个纲、19个目、29个科、40个属.基于门分类水平分析结果,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)在所有海拔土壤中均为优势固氮菌群,相对丰度达64.69%-78.36%;而蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)仅在海拔高度2 000 m时为优势类群.在属水平上,伯克霍尔德菌属(Burkholderia)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)相对丰度分别为海拔高度1 800 m与2 000 m土壤优势菌属,而类伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Paraburkholderia)是所有海拔土壤中的主要菌属.采用随机森林分析评估和筛选标志物种,确认Azohydromonas对固氮细菌群落结构差异存在重要影响.结合Pearson相关性分析与冗余分析结果,土壤含水量、硝态氮、碱解氮与有效磷是造成不同海拔土壤固氮细菌群落特征差异的主要环境因子.本研究表明海拔梯度及响应其变化的土壤理化因子,对调控固氮细菌群落结构与多样性有较大影响.(图8表3参41)     

煤矿矿区复垦植被类型对土壤微生物功能基因和酶活的影响

煤炭的长期开采严重破坏了当地土壤结构和生态环境,通过植被复垦可有效改善生态环境,目前对土壤理化特征和微生物群落结构研究较多,但对土壤矿区土壤功能微生物的研究较少.以山西省大同市晋华宫矿区5个不同植被类型复垦地（侧柏、云杉、油松、樟子松和桧柏）为研究对象,对其土壤理化性质、碳氮磷硫功能基因丰度和土壤酶活进行测定.结果表明,恢复类型对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活和75种功能基因丰度均有显著影响,桧柏林具有最高的总碳、总氮和总硫含量;云杉林具有最高的脱氢酶和脲酶活性,但碱性蛋白酶活性最低,樟子松林的碱性蛋白酶活性最高;云杉林功能基因丰度最高,但多样性指数显著低于其他样地,这可能是由于云杉林中的ureC、acsA和mct丰度占到了52%以上所导致的;土壤脲酶与六大类功能基因丰度有显著相关性;不同植被类型土壤中功能微生物群落β多样性差异显著,可见功能基因能较好地解释植被类型对微生物功能的影响;综合肥力指标指数最高和最低分别是樟子松和侧柏样地.总之,土壤功能基因是指示不同复垦模式对土壤微生物影响的敏感指标,樟子松和云杉是在该矿区更为适宜的复垦树种.