基于利益相关群体的碳减排策略与潜力分析——以苏州市为例

本研究基于苏州市低碳试点工作实施方案,识别了苏州市重点减排领域,采用国家温室气体排放清单,估算了苏州"十二五"(2011—2015)期间碳排放量,并利用情景分析法预测了2016—2025年基准情景和综合减排情景碳排放趋势,分析了各重点排放领域减排贡献率。在此基础上,将减排策略按照自愿、监管、自愿与监管相结合的方式分别从不同利益相关群体进行梳理,分析不同群体减排潜力。结果表明:(1) 2015年,苏州市碳排放量约为2.35亿吨,2011—2015年,重点排放领域为工业能源消耗、建筑、交通、电力行业。(2)采用综合减排方案能在2020年左右达到峰值,之后缓慢下降,但交通部门碳排放仍有一定增加。(3)碳减排策略由多个利益相关群体共同作用产生减排贡献。对苏州市低碳试点方案的分析表明,当地政策制定者的减排贡献最高,其后是基础设施建设者和运营者,最后是基础设施使用者。     

Optimization of gas detector placement considering scenario probability and detector reliability in oil refinery installation

Gas detection system is a critical layer of protection in process safety. Leak scenario probability and detector reliability are two key factors in the optimization of gas detector placement. However, they are easily neglected in previous studies, which may lead to an inaccurate evaluation of the optimization solutions. In this study, a stochastic programming (SP) optimization method is proposed considering these two factors. In order to quantitatively represent the probability of leak scenarios, a complete accident scenario set (CASS) is built combining leak sources and wind fields. Then, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adopted for consequence modeling of gas dispersion. The Markov model is developed to predict the detector reliability. With the objective of minimal cumulative detection time (MCDT), the SP formulation considering scenario probability and detector reliability (MCDT-SPR) is proposed. By introducing the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the optimization formulations can be solved. A case study is investigated on a diesel hydrogenation refining unit. Results validate this approach is promising to improve the detection efficiency. This method is more practical and matching with the actual industrial environment, where the leak scenarios and the detector reliability can change dynamically in real process setting.     

Global energy and emissions scenarios for effective climate change mitigation—Deterministic and stochastic scenarios with the TIAM model

The achievement possibilities of the EU 2 °C climate target have been assessed with the ETSAP TIAM global energy systems model. Cost-effective global and regional mitigation scenarios of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and F-gases were calculated with alternative assumptions on emissions trading. In the mitigation scenarios, an 85% reduction in CO₂ emissions is needed from the baseline, and very significant changes in the energy system towards emission-free sources take place during this century. The largest new technology groups are carbon-capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, wind power, advanced bioenergy technologies and energy efficiency measures. CCS technologies contributed a 5.5-Pg CO₂ annual emission reduction by 2050 and 12 Pg CO₂ reduction by 2100. Also large-scale forestation measures were found cost-efficient. Forestation measures reached their maximum impact of 7.7 Pg CO₂ annual emission reduction in 2080. The effects of uncertainties in the climate sensitivity have been analysed with stochastic scenarios.     

公共聚集场所防火设计中的火灾场景设计研究

在对公共聚集场所性能化防火设计的基础上,介绍火灾场景设计的内容和方法,通过对火灾荷载和火灾热释放速率的计算,得到火灾发展的变化情况和热释放速率曲线,进而构建适合公共聚集场所等大空间建筑的火灾设定模型。并应用该计算方法和模型对某超市进行火灾场景设定来确定该火灾场景的最大热释放速率,并对其火灾蔓延可能性进行讨论,为火灾危害性评估以及火灾探测和扑救系统的有效性评估提供依据。     

A mixed integer linear programming model for optimisation of organics management in an integrated solid waste system

In this paper, the authors propose a mixed integer linear programming model for designing an Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS) to meet specific economic goals. The model refers to a set of municipalities, known as ‘local basin’, which have to share a common waste management system. At the municipal level the model allows for an identification of the optimal collection service option; at the local basin level, the model provides the optimal waste flow appropriate to the collection service option of each municipality. The model has been applied to a full-scale case study of an area located in southeast Italy. A scenario analysis was carried out to investigate alternative municipal solid waste management options, which fundamentally differ in the organic flow mass rate to be either collected and composted or landfilled. Findings show that an increase in the cost of landfilling determines the optimal collection scenario and the configuration plants tend to recover higher rates of organics in separate collection and thus higher refuse derived fuel productions. The results obtained validate the application of the model in both the strategic planning and operational phases, by supporting public administrators at both municipality and local basin level in decision making and evaluation of technical and economic performances of ISWMSs.     

贵阳市环境经济系统协调发展策略分析

环境与经济的协调发展已成为未来城市发展的必然要求,在西部大开发战略实施的当前形势下,如何实现贵阳市环境—经济系统协调发展是当地拟研究的一个重要问题。阐述了贵阳市环境经济系统的特征,在引入和结合系统动力学、情景分析和协调度分析三种方法的基础上,提出了贵阳市协调发展策略分析的研究框架。遵循框架中的思路和方法,构建了贵阳市环境经济系统仿真模拟模型,围绕GDP增长、资源消耗、环境污染、环保设施建设方面进行了5个情景的情景预测和协调度分析,通过反复模拟、反馈、调整及分析,识别出情景5为较理想的一种发展模式,总结提出了相应的基本策略方向。研究结果是贵阳市未来发展的科学参考和决策支持。     

基于InVEST模型的伏牛山地区生态系统碳储量时空变化模拟

在生态文明建设高质量的发展环境下,探究国土空间规划视角下土地利用合理规划与碳减排关系有重大现实意义.山地生态系统作为自然、社会和经济的综合生态系统,对区域生态环境质量提高和可持续发展具有重要影响.以河南省伏牛山区为研究对象,采用InVEST与CA-Markov模型预测2000～2030年多情景下伏牛山生态系统碳储量的时空分布差异.结果表明：(1) 2000～2020年,伏牛山地耕地和林地大面积减少,水域和建设用地增加.自然增长情景下耕地持续减少;耕地保护情境下耕地面积减少速度得到有效缓解;生态保护情景下,林地草地面积得到了有效保护.(2) 2000～2020年,伏牛山地生态系统碳储量减少2.62×106 t;自然增长情景下,生态系统碳储量持续减少;耕地保护情景稍有缓解;生态保护措施有效缓解了碳损失.(3)碳储量随海拔升高呈驼峰状变化,随着坡度升高而呈现增加的趋势.因此,在未来伏牛山地区国土空间规划中,可综合考虑生态保护与耕地保护情景,在增加碳储量的同时也保证了粮食生产.     

西安高新区多情景碳达峰预测及减排路径分析

第十三届全国人民代表大会第五次会议提出要致力于推进碳达峰碳中和工作,促进经济社会向全面绿色低碳转型,实现高质量发展.西安高新区作为陕西省重要的科技创新和产业聚集区,经济发展在很大程度上依赖于能源消耗,碳减排的任务就显得尤为艰巨.以西安高新区为研究对象,首先通过系统核算园区内碳排放,对不同能源种类和不同行业企业碳排放现状进行分析;然后利用Kaya模型设定多种独立的碳达峰情景,预测不同情景下的碳排放总量值及碳达峰时间;最后结合西安高新区发展特点科学甄选相应的碳减排路径,给出合理的减排建议.结果表明,目前电力消耗碳排放占比最多且份额呈逐年上升趋势,工业碳排量始终占主导地位且第三产业发展日益蓬勃;碳排放因子情景、能源强度情景和经济水平情景这3种情景下可于2030年达到碳达峰,其中经济发展水平对西安高新区未来碳达峰的峰值和时间影响最大,产业结构情景、能源结构情景和人口规模情景在2030年前没有出现峰值;未来减排路径主要从电力部门脱碳、经济稳健高质量发展、能源及产业结构绿色升级和构建绿色交通体系入手,可为实现碳中和预留更多的准备时间,也为我国工业园区低碳发展提供决策参考.     

A participatory decision making framework for artisanal fisheries collaborative governance: Insights from management committees in Chile

Fisheries management is increasingly transitioning towards collaborative governance. Collaborative systems depend on stakeholders’ capacity to design and implement legitimate and scientifically robust management plans within collective action arenas. Here we propose that collaborative governance outcomes, in fisheries management, will benefit from using structured participatory decision making frameworks that enhance deliberative thinking among stakeholders. We tested our approach in the artisanal fishery of Chile, an important producer of marine resources. Recently in 2013, Chile made important changes to fisheries policies by creating multi-sectorial management committees to manage de facto open access fishing areas. We applied a structured decision making framework to inform the restructuring of a management plan within a committee. As a result, we identified goals,objectives and indicators, including social, economic, biological and ecological dimensions; we explored tradeoffs, assessing the relative importance of the objectives; finally, we created scenarios and prioritized alternatives, reflecting on the interplay between self-regulation and government control. Members of the management committee were able to rationalize the different steps of the framework and identify ways forward which highlighted the importance of self-regulation in comparison to central authorities’ control. We concluded that structured decision making promotes spaces for rational analysis of alternatives costs and benefits. Promoting deliberative thinking in fisheries management can improve equity, legitimacy and sustainability of collaborative governance.     

The Area Production Model: a tool and concept for sustainable land-use and forest-resource management

In developing countries, planning in the forestry sector has been seen as an appropriate instrument to prepare and implement government policies and programs. Despite its potential and recent advancements in, for example, remote sensing and infrastructure, tropical forest land-use planning is often formal and non-integrated with agriculture. It rarely involves all legitimate stakeholders and neglects taking into account actual land-use. The socio-economic and environmental consequences of these shortcomings emphasise the need for alternative ways of approaching planning. This article summarises the idea, structure and current status of the Area Production Model (APM), originally developed in the 1980s, which is now gaining interest as a land-use planning tool in Africa and Asia. It describes the development over time of production and consumption in agriculture and forestry within a defined geographical area operating under different assumptions on management, land use and socio-economic and macro-economic changes. From a narrow perspective, the APM is a fairly simple computerised tool for generating scenarios. In a broad sense, it is a concept comprising the whole planning process including organisation, inventory, data analysis, consensus building and strategy. A case-study in Laos, based on verified data for a historical period of 45 years, and a review of different APM applications in the world over the last 15 years are presented as a base for conclusions about its potential and shortcomings. In some cases where the APM concept was used in training courses and planning exercises involving stakeholders, it generated a strong interest in collecting and analysing relevant information. It provides the means of addressing a number of shortcomings in current planning.