Trace Gas Emissions from Biomass Burning from Northeast Region in India—Estimates from Satellite Remote Sensing Data and GIS

Biomass burning associated with shifting cultivation areas from the northeastern region of India is an important source of trace gas emissions in the Southeast Asian region. In the present study, satellite data pertaining to IRS-P4 OCM data and DMSP-OLS has been used to quantify the intensity, areal extent and amount of biomass burnt in the northeastern region states at district level. Trace gas emissions have been quantified both by using IPCC based emission ratios and ground based emission ratios obtained from field based studies. Areal estimates with respect to shifting cultivation areas from IRS-P4 OCM satellite data of 4th April 2000 suggested nearly 112.99 km² of the northeastern region of India affected due to shifting cultivation. In the study, DMSP OLS nighttime data has been used to capture the real time fires during the dry season. The results suggested high amount of fires during the March season when compared to April and May. Using the emission ratios obtained from the ground-based studies and IPCC emission ratios, the emissions for the individual non-CO₂ trace gases have been computed in a GIS framework using the biomass data, combustion factors and emission ratios. Results suggested emissions of 2.063 Mt CH₄, 17.94 Mt CO, 1.419 Mt N₂O, and 51.28 Mt NO _x and 2.643 Mt release of CH₄, 3.7204 Mt CO, 0.145 Mt N₂O, and 8.477 Mt NO _x , respectively, from biomass burning due to shifting cultivation for the year 2000, from the northeastern region in India. The study highlights the importance of Satellite Remote sensing data and GIS in quantifying the trace gas emissions from biomass burning.     

Estimating Time Windows for Burning Oil at Sea: Processes and Factors

This paper discusses processes and factors for estimating time period windows of in situ burning of spilled oil at sea. Time-periods of in situ burning of Alaska North Slope (ANS) crude oil are estimated using available data. Three crucial steps are identified. The First Step is to determine the time it takes for the evaporative loss to reach the known or established limitation for evaporation and compare this time-period with estimated time of ignition at the ambient wind and sea temperatures. The Second Step is to determine the water up-take of the spilled oil and compare it with the known or established limitation for water-in-oil content. The Third Step is to determine the necessary heat load from the igniter to bring the surface temperature of the spilled oil to its flash point temperature so that it will burn at the estimated time period for ignition of the slick.     

基于Vega的灭火救援视景仿真研究

Vega是目前流行的虚拟现实应用程序开发环境,与Vega环境相关的应用程序还有三维建模工具Creator和人物仿真软件DI-GUY.在基于虚拟现实技术的灭火救援模拟训练系统中,救援场景的视景仿真是其重要组成部分.本文分析了基于Vega的软件平台开发灭火救援视景仿真系统的可行性,论述了在开发仿真系统过程中的一些关键技术,包括数据处理流程、三维建模、Vega软件的二次开发等.结论表明,利用Vega技术开发灭火救援视景仿真系统的方法是切实可行的.     

垃圾焚烧厂的环境影响评价

垃圾焚烧厂是一类对环境有重大影响的建设项目 ,因此在建设焚烧厂之前 ,必须进行环境影响评价。文章在借鉴国外相关资料的基础上 ,结合国内的实际情况 ,探讨了垃圾焚烧厂环境影响评价的主要步骤和主要内容     

东北林区火烧防火线方法研究

火烧防火线在东北林区应用广泛,是预防森林火灾的重要措施.这项工作由于受天气、可燃物、点火技术等各方面因素影响较大,应用时具有一定的风险性.本文针对火烧防火线过程中,用火条件的选择、点火技术的运用以及用火安全等方面加以分析.     

Determination of the maximum effective burning velocity of dust–air mixtures in constant volume combustion

The reactivity of a combustible dust cloud is traditionally characterized by the so-called K_St value, defined as the maximum rate of pressure rise measured in constant volume explosion vessels, multiplied with the cube root of the vessel volume. The present paper explores the use of an alternative parameter, called the maximum effective burning velocity (u_eff,max), which also is derived from pressure–time histories obtained in constant volume explosion experiments. The proposed parameter describes the reactivity of fuel–air mixtures as a function of the dispersion-induced turbulence intensity. Procedures for estimating u_eff,max from tests in both spherical and cylindrical explosion vessels are outlined, and examples of calculated values for various fuel–air mixtures in closed vessels of different sizes and shapes are presented. Tested fuels include a mixture of 7.5% methane in air, and suspensions of 500 g/m³ cornstarch in air and 500 g/m³ coal dust in air. Three different test vessels have been used: a 20-l spherical vessel and two cylindrical vessels, 7 and 22 l. The results show that the estimated maximum effective burning velocities are less apparatus dependent than the corresponding K_St values.     

安全生产应急预案桌面推演的设计与实施探讨

对实战演练和桌面推演进行分析与比较;阐述桌面推演的历史沿革与演化;提出应急预案桌面推演方案框架设计要点;尤其对推演方案中事故场景设计的主要关注点,如事故发生现实可能性,事故后果危害或灾难性,场景演化过程合理性、可信性,事故发展演变多样性,事故场景典型代表性和桌面推演可实现性等都提出了见解。给出桌面推演实例,并阐述桌面推演取得实效的基本条件和保障措施,对应急预案桌面推演在技术上进一步深入发展和完善的前景进行了探讨和展望。     

如何在红松母树林内实施计划烧除

林口林业局通过对红松母树林下的细小可燃物进行计划烧除实验,证明这种方法不但是预防森林火灾、保护红松母树林安全的有效措施,而且还可消除森林病害虫和增加林木生长量。     

欧亚大陆生物质燃烧气团的输送特征及对中国的影响

利用1997～2003年ATSR卫星火点资料,采用前向气流轨迹模式及滞留时间分析方法,研究了欧亚大陆生物质燃烧排放的时空分布特征及主要生物质燃烧区域典型排放季节低层气团的输送特征,并与MOPITT一氧化碳卫星反演资料进行对比.结果表明,春季东南亚及印度半岛生物质燃烧排放的污染气团可对中国西南、华南及华东地区的大气环境造成一定影响,尤其是四川盆地、福建和台湾周边地区;中亚、东西伯利亚及蒙古高原生物质燃烧排放的污染气团主要受西风带影响而向东输送,但明显存在一条分支经中国东北向华北或更低纬度地区输送,并逐渐下沉至大气低层,在生物质燃烧排放剧烈的年份内能够对该地区的低层大气成分造成重要影响.     

成都平原PM2.5中碳质组分时空分布特征与来源

为了探究成都平原碳质气溶胶污染特征及来源,于德阳、成都和眉山三地采集了1 a的PM_(2.5)样品,利用光热透射法测量其有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC). 3个点年均碳质气溶胶的质量浓度(μg·m~(-3))分别为眉山(OC:15. 8±9. 6,EC:6. 6±5. 3)成都(OC:13. 0±7. 5,EC:4. 7±3. 6)德阳(OC:9. 6±6. 1,EC:3. 4±2. 6),对应的总碳质气溶胶(TCA)在PM_(2.5)中的占比分别为36%、34%和30%.由EC示踪法估算获得二次有机碳(SOC)在OC中的占比分别为眉山38%、成都46%和德阳47%. OC和EC质量浓度季节变化显著,呈现出秋冬季高夏季低的特征,在2013年10月12～13日、12月2～7日和2014年1月中下旬出现峰值,同期气溶胶中K+质量浓度激增,说明这些污染过程中生物质燃烧有重要贡献. PMF模型对碳质气溶胶来源解析结果表明,该地区总碳(TC)的主要来源为生物质燃烧源(46%～56%)、二次有机气溶胶源(26%～38%)、机动车排放源(9%～12%)、扬尘源(3%～4%)、燃煤源(2%～3%)和工业源(1%～2%),生物质燃烧源全年范围内对TC有显著贡献,尤以秋冬两季贡献最高.