火场中纸面石膏板显微结构的SEM分析

运用SEM(扫描电子显微镜),对经历不同火场温度的纸面石膏板试块的显微结构进行观察和分析.结果表明:纸面石膏板在受热时,其组成、结构将发生改变.当受热温度达到300℃时,护面纸与石膏芯材的结合松动,护面纸发生热分解、炭化,以及石膏芯材网状晶体骨架结构疏松、断裂、破碎,完整性遭到破坏,强度基本丧失;受热温度越高,纸面石膏板显微结构的破坏越严重.     

东北林区火烧防火线方法研究

火烧防火线在东北林区应用广泛,是预防森林火灾的重要措施.这项工作由于受天气、可燃物、点火技术等各方面因素影响较大,应用时具有一定的风险性.本文针对火烧防火线过程中,用火条件的选择、点火技术的运用以及用火安全等方面加以分析.     

Determination of the maximum effective burning velocity of dust–air mixtures in constant volume combustion

The reactivity of a combustible dust cloud is traditionally characterized by the so-called K_St value, defined as the maximum rate of pressure rise measured in constant volume explosion vessels, multiplied with the cube root of the vessel volume. The present paper explores the use of an alternative parameter, called the maximum effective burning velocity (u_eff,max), which also is derived from pressure–time histories obtained in constant volume explosion experiments. The proposed parameter describes the reactivity of fuel–air mixtures as a function of the dispersion-induced turbulence intensity. Procedures for estimating u_eff,max from tests in both spherical and cylindrical explosion vessels are outlined, and examples of calculated values for various fuel–air mixtures in closed vessels of different sizes and shapes are presented. Tested fuels include a mixture of 7.5% methane in air, and suspensions of 500 g/m³ cornstarch in air and 500 g/m³ coal dust in air. Three different test vessels have been used: a 20-l spherical vessel and two cylindrical vessels, 7 and 22 l. The results show that the estimated maximum effective burning velocities are less apparatus dependent than the corresponding K_St values.     

安全生产应急预案桌面推演的设计与实施探讨

对实战演练和桌面推演进行分析与比较;阐述桌面推演的历史沿革与演化;提出应急预案桌面推演方案框架设计要点;尤其对推演方案中事故场景设计的主要关注点,如事故发生现实可能性,事故后果危害或灾难性,场景演化过程合理性、可信性,事故发展演变多样性,事故场景典型代表性和桌面推演可实现性等都提出了见解。给出桌面推演实例,并阐述桌面推演取得实效的基本条件和保障措施,对应急预案桌面推演在技术上进一步深入发展和完善的前景进行了探讨和展望。     

如何在红松母树林内实施计划烧除

林口林业局通过对红松母树林下的细小可燃物进行计划烧除实验,证明这种方法不但是预防森林火灾、保护红松母树林安全的有效措施,而且还可消除森林病害虫和增加林木生长量。     

欧亚大陆生物质燃烧气团的输送特征及对中国的影响

利用1997～2003年ATSR卫星火点资料,采用前向气流轨迹模式及滞留时间分析方法,研究了欧亚大陆生物质燃烧排放的时空分布特征及主要生物质燃烧区域典型排放季节低层气团的输送特征,并与MOPITT一氧化碳卫星反演资料进行对比.结果表明,春季东南亚及印度半岛生物质燃烧排放的污染气团可对中国西南、华南及华东地区的大气环境造成一定影响,尤其是四川盆地、福建和台湾周边地区;中亚、东西伯利亚及蒙古高原生物质燃烧排放的污染气团主要受西风带影响而向东输送,但明显存在一条分支经中国东北向华北或更低纬度地区输送,并逐渐下沉至大气低层,在生物质燃烧排放剧烈的年份内能够对该地区的低层大气成分造成重要影响.     

成都平原PM2.5中碳质组分时空分布特征与来源

为了探究成都平原碳质气溶胶污染特征及来源,于德阳、成都和眉山三地采集了1 a的PM_(2.5)样品,利用光热透射法测量其有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC). 3个点年均碳质气溶胶的质量浓度(μg·m~(-3))分别为眉山(OC:15. 8±9. 6,EC:6. 6±5. 3)成都(OC:13. 0±7. 5,EC:4. 7±3. 6)德阳(OC:9. 6±6. 1,EC:3. 4±2. 6),对应的总碳质气溶胶(TCA)在PM_(2.5)中的占比分别为36%、34%和30%.由EC示踪法估算获得二次有机碳(SOC)在OC中的占比分别为眉山38%、成都46%和德阳47%. OC和EC质量浓度季节变化显著,呈现出秋冬季高夏季低的特征,在2013年10月12～13日、12月2～7日和2014年1月中下旬出现峰值,同期气溶胶中K+质量浓度激增,说明这些污染过程中生物质燃烧有重要贡献. PMF模型对碳质气溶胶来源解析结果表明,该地区总碳(TC)的主要来源为生物质燃烧源(46%～56%)、二次有机气溶胶源(26%～38%)、机动车排放源(9%～12%)、扬尘源(3%～4%)、燃煤源(2%～3%)和工业源(1%～2%),生物质燃烧源全年范围内对TC有显著贡献,尤以秋冬两季贡献最高.     

珠江三角洲秋季生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶的贡献

本研究基于2018年和2019年秋季在珠江三角洲地区的两次外场观测,应用热脱附-化学电离飞行时间质谱(FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS)获取了高时间分辨率(每小时)的生物质燃烧示踪物左旋葡聚糖的浓度数据,并估算出生物质燃烧对有机气溶胶(OA)的贡献值.结果表明,秋季珠江三角洲地区城市站点和区域站点的左旋葡聚糖平均浓度分别为(0.07±0.08)和(0.14±0.12)μg/m³,呈现区域站点高于城市站点的空间分布特征以及早晨和夜间出现峰值的日变化特征.观察到两个站点的左旋葡聚糖与CO和乙腈之间相关性较低,但与OA之间呈现显著正相关关系.进一步基于受体示踪物法估算出生物质燃烧对OA的平均贡献分别为7.4%(城市站点)和11.4%(区域站点),且两个站点均显示出生物质燃烧对OA的贡献在夜间明显高于白天.     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts of biomass burning and primary biogenic sources

The submicron particulate matter (PM₁) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are very important due to their greater adverse impacts on the natural environment and human health. In this study, the daily PM₁ and PM_2.5 samples were collected during early summer 2018 at a sub-urban site in the urban-industrial port city of Tianjin, China. The collected samples were analyzed for the carbonaceous fractions, inorganic ions, elemental species, and specific marker sugar species. The chemical characterization of PM₁ and PM_2.5 was based on their concentrations, compositions, and characteristic ratios (PM₁/PM_2.5, AE/CE, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, OC/EC, SOC/OC, OM/TCA, K+/EC, levoglucosan/K⁺, V/Cu, and V/Ni). The average concentrations of PM₁ and PM_2.5 were 32.4 µg/m³ and 53.3 µg/m³, and PM₁ constituted 63% of PM_2.5 on average. The source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated the main sources of secondary aerosols (25% and 34%), biomass burning (17% and 20%), traffic emission (20% and 14%), and coal combustion (17% and 14%). The biomass burning factor involved agricultural fertilization and waste incineration. The biomass burning and primary biogenic contributions were determined by specific marker sugar species. The anthropogenic sources (combustion, secondary particle formation, etc) contributed significantly to PM₁ and PM_2.5, and the natural sources were more evident in PM_2.5. This work significantly contributes to the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 in near-port cities influenced by the diverse sources.     

室内木柴燃烧排放水溶性离子粒径分布特征

基于实验室模拟燃烧和稀释通道采样系统,采用荷电低压撞击采样器采集了6种典型木柴燃烧排放的14级粒径段颗粒物.采用离子色谱分析了8种水溶性离子,获得水溶性离子的分粒径排放因子和排放特征.结果表明,Ca²⁺的排放因子呈双峰分布,在0.25~0.38和2.5~3.6μm粒径段出现峰值,分别为0.14和0.16mg/kg.其余离子的排放因子为单峰分布.NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-的排放因子在0.25~0.38μm粒径段出现峰值,分别为0.41、0.58和0.84mg/kg.K⁺和Cl^-的排放因子在0.15~0.25μm内出现峰值,分别为0.89和0.99mg/kg.木柴燃烧排放总水溶性离子的质量中值粒径为（0.30±0.07）μm,各离子的质量中值粒径范围为0.24~0.44μm.PM_0.094、PM_0.94、PM_2.5和PM₁₀中水溶性离子的排放因子变化范围分别为1.04~9.33、5.00~48.87、5.46~52.00和6.14~53.68mg/kg.木柴燃烧排放颗粒物中K⁺/Cl^-、K⁺/NO₃^-、K⁺/SO₄^2-和SO₄^2-/NO₃^-比值随粒径变化而变化,其排放初始值在应用于源解析和生物质燃烧排放气溶胶传输老化研究时需引起关注.木柴燃烧排放PM₁₀中的阴阳离子当量比值为0.80±0.11,颗粒物的酸度随颗粒物粒径而改变,亚微米颗粒物和细颗粒物的酸度高于超细颗粒物和粗颗粒物的酸度.本研究对构建生物质燃烧排放分粒径水溶性离子清单,更新和改进相关气候和空气质量模型的参数设置,识别烟气传输过程中的老化具有重要意义.