火场中纸面石膏板显微结构的SEM分析

运用SEM(扫描电子显微镜),对经历不同火场温度的纸面石膏板试块的显微结构进行观察和分析.结果表明:纸面石膏板在受热时,其组成、结构将发生改变.当受热温度达到300℃时,护面纸与石膏芯材的结合松动,护面纸发生热分解、炭化,以及石膏芯材网状晶体骨架结构疏松、断裂、破碎,完整性遭到破坏,强度基本丧失;受热温度越高,纸面石膏板显微结构的破坏越严重.     

Perceptions of Prescribed Burning in a Local Forest Community in Victoria, Australia

The general perceptions of prescribed burning were elicited from forest users for an area that has been subject to this form of land management for at least 20 years. The largest group consisted of local residents living in and around the Wombat State Forest with two smaller groups of students from a nearby university campus and local professional land managers. A questionnaire was given to each participant in order to explore how the forest was used, to determine the level of knowledge of burning in the targeted forest and Victoria and the perception of the appearance, effectiveness of protection, and accessibility to the forest after prescribed burning. Generally all groups had similar responses with community members having stronger views on the effectiveness and practicalities of prescribed burning, whereas students were more neutral in their opinions. All participants claimed knowledge of prescribed burning activities within Victoria, but fewer had experience of planned fires in the Wombat State Forest. All groups agreed that areas that had not been recently burned had a better appearance than those that had, but this result may have included a range of value judgments. Land managers had a greater understanding of the ecological importance of season and timing of burning; however, some students and community members were equally knowledgeable. Prescribed burning did not impede access to the forest, nor did smoke from prescribed burns pose any great problem. The majority of the participants felt that the amount of prescribed burning done in the forest was adequate for engendering a feeling of protection to life and property, yet many were still suspicious of this management practice. These initial findings indicate several areas in which further research would be useful including the efficacy of education programs for community members and improved communication of burn plans by land managers.     

聚脲弹性体阻燃改性的研究进展

介绍了聚脲的特性与燃烧机制,从添加型和反应型2个方面总结了聚脲阻燃改性的研究现状,包括添加卤系、磷系、氮系、纳米阻燃剂,以及通过化学反应引入阻燃元素及结构等方法,系统分析了阻燃机理及各自优缺点。提出添加型阻燃剂存在与基体相容性不佳的问题,反应型阻燃改性技术难度大,但是不存在界面问题,结合不同阻燃剂的优势可实现协同提升的效果。研究结果为提高聚脲阻燃性能提供了技术参考。     

寻求解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径

针对乌鲁木齐市最突出的环境问题——冬季采暖期空气污染,从主客观二方面进行了原因分析,并结合“十一五”和2020年环境保护目标,从7个方面分析论述了解决乌鲁木齐市空气污染的途径,使多年困扰乌鲁木齐市的空气污染问题有望从根本上得到解决。     

生态旅游地资源空间承载力研究——以武陵源杨家界景区为例

生态旅游资源空间承载力是发展生态旅游的评价前提,对生态旅游规划具有重要的作用和意义。为了实现生态旅游地可持续发展的目标,必须科学合理地确定其旅游资源空间承载力,以此对景区生态旅游资源的开发利用和游客管理进行有效调控。采用实地调查法,以旅游资源空间数量、游道长度等作为衡量指标,利用面积法、线路法分别对对森林型生态旅游风景区——武陵源杨家界景区的生态旅游资源瞬时空间承载量、日空间承载量和不同季节空间承载量进行了测算。结果表明,景区旅游空间承载力夏半年为15000人/d,冬半年为10240人/d,年均承载量为468.6万人次。以上结果可为杨家界景区生态旅游规划及景区管理提供参考依据。     

高层建筑典型外墙保温材料火蔓延特性数值模拟研究

有机保温材料被广泛应用于高层建筑外墙保温体系的同时,也可能增加高层建筑的火灾风险。本文通过计算机模拟,着重研究了保温材料之一的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料(EPS)的火蔓延速率、失重速率及温度场分布等特性。研究结果发现:发生火灾后,外墙保温材料可以在很短的时间内自下而上蔓延至整个材料表面,并有表皮着火的现象。在火焰到达材料顶部之前,向上火蔓延占主导地位,材料中部区域明显燃烧脱落,火焰在材料两端上部继续燃烧,有向下加速蔓延的趋势;之后,火焰沿着材料中部内侧向下剧烈燃烧,材料呈V字型燃烧直至熄灭。在高层建筑外墙外保温材料火蔓延中,不同着火点情况下的燃烧速率随时间变化的趋势相似,且会形成两个波峰。     

Emission factors for PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB from open burning of biomass

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants includes in its aims the minimisation of unintentional releases of polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) and dioxin like PCB (dl-PCB) to the environment. Development and implementation of policies to achieve this aim require accurate national inventories of releases of PCDD/PCDF/dl-PCB. To support this objective, the Conference of Parties established a process to review and update the UNEP Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. An assessment of all emission inventories was that for many countries open burning of biomass and waste was identified as the major source of PCDD/PCDF releases. However, the experimental data underpinning the release estimates used were limited in number and, consequently, confidence in the accuracy of the emissions predictions was low. There has been significant progress in measurement technology since the last edition of the Toolkit in 2005. In this paper we reassess published emission factors for release of PCDD/PCDF and dl-PCB to land and air.In total, four types of biomass and 111 emission factors were assessed. It was found that there are no systematic differences in emission factors apparent between biomass types or fire classes. The data set is best described by a lognormal distribution. The geometric mean emission factors (EFs) for releases of PCDD/PCDF to air for the four biomass classes used in the Toolkit (sugarcane, cereal crops, forest and savannah/grass) are 1.6 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹, 0.49 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹, 1.0 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹ and 0.4 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹, respectively. Corresponding EFs for release of PCDD/PCDF to land are 3.0 ng TEQ (kg ash)⁻¹, 1.1 ng TEQ (kg ash)⁻¹, 1.1 ng TEQ (kg ash)⁻¹ and 0.67 ng TEQ (kg ash)⁻¹. There are now also sufficient published data available to evaluate EFs for dl-PCB release to air for sugarcane, forest and grass/savannah; these are 0.03 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹, 0.09 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹ and 0.01 μg TEQ (t fuel)⁻¹, respectively. The average EF for dl-PCB release to land is 0.19 ng TEQ (kg ash)⁻¹. Application of these EFs to national emissions of PCDD/PCDF for global estimates from open burning will lower previous estimates of PCDD/PCDF releases to air and to land by 85% and 90%, respectively. For some countries, the ranking of their major sources will be changed and open burning of biomass will become less significant than previously concluded.     

2014年春季上海典型生物质燃烧污染过程分析

针对2014年5月末华东地区出现的大范围秸秆焚烧污染事件(BB),利用上海浦东超级站多种在线监测数据,并结合卫星遥感、数值模拟等方法,对污染期间前(BB-前)、中(BB-中)、后(BB-后)的时空演化进程进行了分析。结果表明,期间平均ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(BC)分别由BB-前的24.3和1.24μg/m3攀升至BB-中的111.90和5.38μg/m3,小时峰值出现在5月27日,达到238.0和15.1μg/m3,BB-后虽有显著好转,但"翘尾"现象明显,ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(BC)为34.6和1.49μg/m3;在空气污染扩散不利条件下,生物质燃烧污染会加重其他多种污染物的污染水平;农田秸秆燃烧烟羽的传输受气象条件所限,使得上海外围火点的多寡与城市污染的水平无必然联系。     

一次典型灰霾天气过程及成因分析

结合2008年10月28日南京市出现的灰霾天气,利用环境空气自动监测数据、气象观测数据、卫星遥感监测秸秆焚烧信息及后向轨迹模型等资料,对灰霾天气过程及成因进行分析。结果表明,由于当晚大气扩散条件不利,周边地区秸秆焚烧产生的大量气溶胶污染物在地面东北气流的引导下向南京市城区输送,使得大气监测点颗粒物浓度异常上升,导致能见度恶化,形成了典型性重度灰霾污染天气。     

江苏省秸秆焚烧污染现状及防治对策

简述了江苏省秸秆焚烧污染及防治现状,对2001年-2011年江苏省秸秆焚烧对城市空气环境质量的影响进行了分析,指出了目前秸秆综合利用方面存在的问题,提出政府各有关部门和新闻媒体应继续加大秸秆综合利用和禁烧的宣传工作力度;进一步完善现有法律法规、管理考核办法以及秸秆综合利用规划;注重疏通资源出路,突出产业化带动,注重激发和调动农民的主动性和积极性,让农民得到实实在在的经济效益;强化科技支撑作用,在当前多途径综合利用的基础上,努力加强江苏省秸秆综合利用实用性技术的研究和开发。