橡胶燃烧事故的应急监测

介绍了福建沙县高砂镇今年"2.12"突发性火灾引发的橡胶燃烧污染事故中,环境监测部门如何有效地开展环境监测,为事故处理指挥部迅速正确地处理事故提供了优质快速的技术支持,并提出做好环境污染应急处置的几点建议。     

Active oxygen doctors the evidence

Investigation at the scene of a crime begins with the search for clues. In the case of bloodstains, the most frequently used reagents are luminol and reduced phenolphthalein (or phenolphthalin that is also known as the Kastle–Meyer colour test). The limitations of these reagents have been studied and are well known. Household cleaning products have evolved with the times, and new products with active oxygen are currently widely used, as they are considered to be highly efficient at removing all kinds of stains on a wide range of surfaces. In this study, we investigated the possible effects of these new cleaning products on latent bloodstains that may be left at a scene of a crime. To do so, various fabrics were stained with blood and then washed using cleaning agents containing active oxygen. The results of reduced phenolphthalein, luminol and human haemoglobin tests on the washed fabrics were negative. The conclusion is that these new products alter blood to such an extent that it can no longer be detected by currently accepted methods employed in criminal investigations. This inability to locate bloodstains means that highly important evidence (e.g. a DNA profile) may be lost. Consequently, it is important that investigators are aware of this problem so as to compensate for it.

我国中小型燃煤锅炉SO2排放特征与控制对策

 基于87台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(£70MW)的燃料特性分析数据和SO2排放实测数据,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤硫含量对燃烧过程中SO2初始排放浓度的影响,分析了燃煤锅炉SO2排放现状,讨论了我国中小型燃煤锅炉SO2排放管理控制的潜力和可行性.结果表明,在锅炉运行负荷³80%的条件下,SO2初始排放浓度与燃煤硫含量之间具有显著的线性相关性,与锅炉出力和过量空气系数无关;分别有94%和87%的实测锅炉可以满足国家现行排放标准规定的第I和第II时段SO2最高允许排放浓度.     

油田含油污泥物性分析

含油污泥一般含油15％-50％,且泥中污油老化严重。而且油泥中原油、泥砂组份比例变化较大,从而影响油泥处理工艺的效果。本研究通过油泥成分分析研究了大庆油田采油八厂含油污泥的特性,并对其影响进行了分析。     

华南沿海地区夏初PM2.5水溶性离子特征及来源解析

2018年6月7日—7月10日,利用在线气体和气溶胶成分监测仪(IGAC)在珠海市沿海站对PM_2.5中水溶性离子浓度和气体开展连续观测分析.结果发现,夏初沿海地区水溶性离子处于较低水平,SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、Cl^-、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺浓度分别为4.78、1.87、1.16、0.92、0.37、0.27、0.11和0.11μg·m^-3,其中,代表海洋来源的Na⁺和Cl^-浓度与珠江口东海岸的深圳沿海地区相当. Na⁺和Cl^-呈明显的白天高、夜晚低的日变化特征,与海盐排放在海陆风环流下的输送有关.基于天气形势分析、气团来源分析和PMF来源解析方法研究了观测期间发生的两次污染过程,一次是受到强热带风暴外...     

Secondary organic aerosol formation from straw burning using an oxidation flow reactor

Herein, we use an oxidation flow reactor, Gothenburg: Potential Aerosol Mass (Go: PAM) reactor, to investigate the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from wheat straw burning. Biomass burning emissions are exposed to high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (OH) to simulate processes equivalent to atmospheric oxidation of 0-2.55 days. Primary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were investigated, and particles were measured before and after the Go: PAM reactor. The influence of water content (i.e. 5% and 11%) in wheat straw was also explored. Two burning stages, the flaming stage, and non-flaming stages, were identified. Primary particle emission factors (EFs) at a water content of 11% (∼3.89 g/kg-fuel) are significantly higher than those at a water content of 5% (∼2.26 g/kg-fuel) during the flaming stage. However, the water content showed no significant influence at the non-flaming stage. EFs of aromatics at a non-flaming stage (321.8±46.2 mg/kg-fuel) are larger than that at a flaming stage (130.9±37.1 mg/kg-fuel). The OA enhancement ratios increased with the increase in OH exposure at first and decreased with the additional increment of OH exposure. The maximum OA enhancement ratio is ∼12 during the non-flaming stages, which is much higher than ∼ 1.7 during the flaming stages. The mass spectrum of the primary wheat burning organic aerosols closely resembles that of resolved biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOA) based on measurements in ambient air. Our results show that large gap (∼60%-90%) still remains to estimate biomass burning SOA if only the oxidation of VOCs were included.     

稻草和玉米秸秆烟尘中的正构脂肪醇

在不同燃烧条件下,对6种稻草和4种玉米秸进行了燃烧试验,并测定了烟尘中正构脂肪醇的组成.结果表明,在稻草的明火烟尘中,正构脂肪醇由C14~C34组成.其总含量(Σ)为1 604.4~13 889.7 mg·kg-1;低碳数和高碳数正构脂肪醇的含量比(L/H)为0.02~0.09;C24/C30值为3.3%~19.6%;C32/C30值为8.4%~19.9%;C30Σ之比为53.9%~72.6%;CPI值为8.7~21.5;ACL值为29.0~30.1.正构脂肪醇呈双峰式分布,其主、次峰碳数分别是C30和C24.在稻草的闷烧烟尘中,正构脂肪醇的单体组成与明火烟尘相同.其Σ值为1 688.7~5 168.2 mg·kg-1;L/H值为0.08~0.14;C24/C30值为31.0%~70.5%;C32/C30值为6.9%~17.6%;C30Σ之比为39.5%~57.8%;CPI值为10.7~17.5;ACL值为27.2~28.5.其分布模式与明火烟尘极为相似.在玉米秸秆的明火烟尘中,正构脂肪醇由C12~C34组成.其Σ值为852.3~2 667.9 mg·kg-1;L/H值为0.2~1.0;C24/C28之比为104.3%~293.3%;C32/C28之比为42.2%~61.4%;C28Σ之比为7.3%~16.5%;CPI值为5.6~9.7;ACL值为23.1~26.9.其分布模式以双峰式为主,主峰碳数是C30、C24和C22.在玉米秸秆的闷烧烟尘中,正构脂肪醇的组成与明火烟尘相同.其Σ值为1 493.0~8 386.9 mg·kg-1;L/H之比为0.2~0.3;C24/C28之比为53.6%~217.6%;C32/C28之比为21.7%~75.9%;C28Σ之比为8.8%~27.3%;CPI值为4.2~6.5;ACL值为26.3~27.2.其分布模式呈双峰型,主峰碳数主要是C30,次峰碳数主要是C24.总之,秸秆烟尘中正构脂肪醇的组成已发生了明显的变化.C24/C30、C32/C30、C30Σ等参数可用于区别稻草及其燃烧来源的正构脂肪醇;L/H、C24/C28、C32/C28、C28Σ等参数可用于区分玉米秸秆及其燃烧来源的正构脂肪醇;L/H可用于区分上述两类秸秆及其燃烧来源的正构脂肪醇.     

农业污染对土壤的危害及防治措施

伴随着我国经济的高速增长,环境问题也日益突出,特别是环境污染和生态破坏日益严重。城市环境问题日益得到重视,而农村的环境保护与治理相对来说是一个薄弱环节,农村环境也正日趋恶化。农村环境污染的加剧和农业生态环境的破坏,已成为制约我国农村经济健康发展的因素之一,农业减排势在必行。结合农村实际情况,本文从环境保护的角度阐述了农业生产过程中几种典型（农药、化肥、农作物秸秆）的污染及其对农田土壤造成的危害,同时针对化肥污染和农业污染提出了防治措施。     

长三角地区秸秆焚烧PM2.5排放量估算与分析研究

根据长三角地区的实际情况,对该地区两省一市的秸秆焚烧PM2.5排放量状况进行估算.通过长三角地区2002年-2012年主要农作物产量、草谷比、焚烧比例和PM2.5排放因子,估算了该地区内秸秆焚烧量,同时对由秸秆焚烧引起的PM2.5排放量进行了估算,并进行了分析.结果表明：长三角地区2002年-2012年秸秆焚烧量最高的为农业发达的江苏省,高峰都集中在每年的10月份前后,由秸秆焚烧引起的PM2.5排放量呈逐年上升趋势,2012年达到55 218.96 t,其中江苏省每年的PM2.5排放量占到该地区的75％以上,2012年占到80％.研究结果将为制定该地区污染控制政策,改善区域环境空气质量提供科学理论依据.     

生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧研究

阐述了生活垃圾焚烧和医疗垃圾焚烧市场的现状;研究了垃圾的物理成分、组成元素、毒理性,以及执行标准、焚烧炉炉型等,分析了生活垃圾与医疗垃圾混烧会出现的问题;从投资估算和技术经济角度对混烧及分别处理方式的投资收益进行对比,最终得出不推荐生活垃圾和医疗垃圾混烧的结论。