Shifting elasmobranch community assemblage at Cocos Island—an isolated marine protected area

Fishing pressure has increased the extinction risk of many elasmobranch (shark and ray) species. Although many countries have established no‐take marine reserves, a paucity of monitoring data means it is still unclear if reserves are effectively protecting these species. We examined data collected by a small group of divers over the past 21 years at one of the world's oldest marine protected areas (MPAs), Cocos Island National Park, Costa Rica. We used mixed effects models to determine trends in relative abundance, or probability of occurrence, of 12 monitored elasmobranch species while accounting for variation among observers and from abiotic factors. Eight of 12 species declined significantly over the past 2 decades. We documented decreases in relative abundance for 6 species, including the iconic scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) (?45%), whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) (?77%), mobula ray (Mobula spp.) (?78%), and manta ray (Manta birostris) (?89%), and decreases in the probability of occurrence for 2 other species. Several of these species have small home ranges and should be better protected by an MPA, which underscores the notion that declines of marine megafauna will continue unabated in MPAs unless there is adequate enforcement effort to control fishing. In addition, probability of occurrence at Cocos Island of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier), Galapagos (Carcharhinus galapagensis), blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus), and whale (Rhincodon typus) sharks increased significantly. The effectiveness of MPAs cannot be evaluated by examining single species because population responses can vary depending on life history traits and vulnerability to fishing pressure.     

Nature apps: Waiting for the revolution

Apps are small task-orientated programs with the potential to integrate the computational and sensing capacities of smartphones with the power of cloud computing, social networking, and crowdsourcing. They have the potential to transform how humans interact with nature, cause a step change in the quantity and resolution of biodiversity data, democratize access to environmental knowledge, and reinvigorate ways of enjoying nature. To assess the extent to which this potential is being exploited in relation to nature, we conducted an automated search of the Google Play Store using 96 nature-related terms. This returned data on ~36 304 apps, of which ~6301 were nature-themed. We found that few of these fully exploit the full range of capabilities inherent in the technology and/or have successfully captured the public imagination. Such breakthroughs will only be achieved by increasing the frequency and quality of collaboration between environmental scientists, information engineers, computer scientists, and interested publics.     

发展型心理契约视角下情感性组织安全文化对员工安全风险作用机理研究——基于国有煤炭企业的调研数据

为了探索情感性组织安全文化对员工安全风险的作用机理,从发展型心理契约视角出发,设计情感性组织安全文化、发展型心理契约及员工安全风险测度量表,采用结构方程方法分别构建了情感性组织安全文化对员工安全风险直接作用、间接作用和两种作用耦合情形下的作用模型。结果表明:"情感性组织安全文化"对"员工安全风险"有正向影响,"情感性组织安全文化"对"发展型心理契约"有显著正向影响,同时"发展型心理契约"对"员工安全风险"有显著正向影响;在以上直接作用和间接作用耦合情形下,"情感性组织安全文化"对"员工安全风险"不存在直接的正向作用,但"情感性组织安全文化"通过"发展型心理契约"对"员工安全风险"产生正向影响的效果更加显著。研究表明,通过情感性组织安全文化建设降低员工安全风险,融入促进员工发展型心理契约均衡因素,能起到事半功倍的效果。     

《安全与环境学报》2007-2017年文献计量分析

运用文献计量学方法,对《安全与环境学报》(下称《学报》)2007-2017年刊载的4147篇论文进行了文献计量分析。从《学报》论文的时序产出与影响、分类产出与影响、期刊层面的知识流动及主题热点4个方面讨论了《学报》的文献计量学特征。结果表明,《学报》经过多年的发展,产出、影响力及知识密度不断提升,产生了一大批有影响的地区、机构、作者等。《学报》保持期刊内外的知识流动、交换和更新,使得期刊充满知识活力。经过长期的积累,《学报》已经形成了安全工程与管理、环境科学、环境工程,以及特色专题--安全与环境事故和事件统计快报4个方面的主题方向。《学报》的这些文献计量指标,为全面认识《学报》及未来发展提供了详实的科技情报。     

火灾科学的研究与展望

火灾科学应社会需求而产生,目前已经形成了自己的研究框架及体系。我国火灾科学基础研究已初具结构和规模,而且确定了相应的社会定位。展望了火灾科学研究的发展前景 。     

人地协同论：可持续发展模型构建的基础

人地协同论是在陆地系统科学、非线性系统理论基础上建立起来的关于可持续发展的一个数理模型,它以社会与自然的交互作用、交界面性质及其演化规律为研究对象。本文根据系统生态学理论,提出了关于可持续生存的数学定义。     

灾害保险赔案数据库的建立及应用——以湖南省溆浦县保险赔案数据库为例

保险公司的赔案资料记录了保险理赔的货币过程,它是进行保险赔会审计分析和保险出险原因分析最可靠的实证材料。作者利用１９８１～１９９３年湖南省保险公司企业财产险、家庭财产险、货物运输险、种养业险等四个主要保险险种的赔案资料,以行政县,区为基本单元建立了达２３３７６１条记录的灾害保险赔案数据库。以湖南省溆浦县保险公司的赔案数据库为例,对其近１０多年来的保险灾害状况进行了初步分析,为当地保险公司提出了保险防灾防损的理论根据。     

物理化学与环境科学

环境化学从化学的角度来研究污染中的化学规律。物理化学的理论和方法被运用到环保中 ,为生态系统中能量流动提供理论依据 ,探索污染的形成机理 ,研究O3层的破坏机理 ,为环境检测提供了新技术     

再接再励,争取更大成绩

本文概述了环境科学技术的特点和在中国的发展情况,展望九十年代环境科学新的发展形势;回顾了随着环境科学技术的发展,《环境科学》杂杂志不断发展与完善的历程,表达编者办好杂志的良好愿望.     

水稻土壤组分去除有机质和游离氧化铁后对As5+吸附解吸特征的影响

采用平衡液吸附法、NaCl解吸剂解吸法研究了名山河流域水稻土原土及各粒径组分去除有机质和游离氧化铁后对砷(As~(5+))的吸附解吸特性,同时运用热力学和动力学方法,研究了去除有机质、游离氧化铁后的土壤微团聚体(0.25~2 mm、0.053~0.25 mm、0.002~0.053 mm、0.002 mm)对砷(As~(5+))的吸附解吸过程。结果表明:1)同时去除有机质和游离氧化铁后,水稻土原土及各粒径组分对砷(As~(5+))的吸附量有所减小,吸附量从大到小依次为(0.002 mm)、0.002~0.053 mm、原土、0.25~2 mm、0.053~0.25 mm。砷(As~(5+))的动力学吸附量随时间延长而逐渐降低,60 min内反应迅速,在600min达到吸附动态平衡,动力学吸附以Elovich方程拟合最佳;2)等温吸附量随砷(As~(5+))的初始质量浓度增加逐渐增加,初始质量浓度0~100 mg/L时反应快速,在砷(As~(5+))初始质量浓度达到160 mg/L时吸附趋于饱和,等温吸附以Freundlich方程拟合最佳;3)易解吸量随时间和浓度的增加而增加,易解吸率顺序与吸附量顺序相反,易解吸率也随着有机质、游离氧化铁含量的减少而增加;4)去除土壤中的有机质、游离氧化铁后,砷的吸附减少量随时间和浓度增加而增加,吸附减少量与有机质、游离氧化铁去除量呈正比。