Research core and framework of sustainability science

This paper reviews recent achievements in sustainability science and discusses the research core and framework of sustainability science. We analyze and organize papers published in three selected core journals of sustainability science: Sustainability Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, and Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy. Papers are organized into three categories: sustainability and its definition, domain-oriented research, and a research framework for sustainability science. First, we provide a short history and define the basic characteristics of sustainability; then we review current efforts in the following research domains: climate, biodiversity, agriculture, fishery, forestry, energy and resources, water, economic development, health, and lifestyle. Finally, we propose a research framework for sustainability science that includes the following components: goal setting, indicator setting, indicator measurement, causal chain analysis, forecasting, backcasting, and problem–solution chain analysis. We emphasize the importance of this last component for improving situations and attaining goals.     

农业生态经济系统的规划思路

本文旨在依据生态学的“循环再生整体协调”,经济学的“平衡原理”,系统科学的“整体优化原则”等的一致性内核,围绕人类经济活动与自然生态之间相互发展的关系,经过对农业中出现的一系列严重问题的分析,提出在我国建立以现代科技支撑的农业生态经济系统的规划理论思路,它与现有的规划理论方法相比,具有明显的可操作性和适用性。     

减灾活动与社会经济协调发展的哲学思考

论述了减灾工作中,应遵循的减灾投入与社会经济状况的统一性原则,发展减灾与发展经济的比例协调性原则;减灾发展的超前性原则;减灾的宏观协调与微观协调辩证统一的原则;减灾活动的协调与不协调辩证统一的原则。     

灾害观测

本文应用系统科学和信息科学讨论了灾害系统的能达性、能控性与能观性。根根系统能观性原理及量测科学的基本原则,讨论了灾害观测系统应注意的一些问题。     

资源效率与科技创新

科技创新是解决资源效率低下的根本途径之一。一方面科技创新可以通过提高生产要素的边际生产力、研制和开发先进的技术设备和科学的生产方法提高不同品位资源转化率来提高资源使用效率 ,另一方面产业结构是“资源的转换器” ,而科技创新对产业结构的优化升级起着主导和决定性作用 ,科技创新通过促进产业结构的优化升级 ,实现资源在不同部门、产业间的优化配置 ,从而提高资源的配置效率。本文在分析科技创新动力来源的基础上 ,对如何为科技创新创造良好的外部环境提出了建议。     

Mapping convergence points in the initial emergency response to 9/111

In response to extreme events, researchers have recognised the convergence of volunteers, emergency responders, and other individuals and organisations. In 2000, geographer Paul Routledge presented the concept of convergence spaces as a theoretical means to explain social movements. In applying this concept, this paper explores the geographic space in which organisations and individuals converged immediately following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center. The paper begins to answer the question of whether there were in fact any patterns of convergence among the locations utilised by organisations responding to the attacks. Using data collected from field documents, these geographic locations are mapped over 12 days to help identify possible patterns of clustering. Results of this analysis will begin to provide researchers, policy makers and practitioners with a better understanding of how emergency response evolves geographically following an event.     

Interactions between Ecological Traits and Host Plant Type Explain Distribution Change in Noctuid Moths

Abstract:  The ecological traits of species determine how well a species can withstand threats to which it is exposed. If these predisposing traits can be identified, species that are most at risk of decline can be identified and an understanding of the processes behind the declines can be gained. We sought to determine how body size, specificity of larval host plant, overwintering stage, type of host plant, and the interactions of these traits are related to the distribution change in noctuid moths. We used data derived from the literature and analyzed the effects of traits both separately and simultaneously in the same model. When we analyzed the traits separately, it seemed the most important determinants of distribution change were overwintering stage and type of host plant. Nevertheless, ecological traits are often correlated and the independent effect of each trait may not be seen in analyses in which traits are analyzed separately. When we accounted for other correlated traits, the results were substantially different. Only one trait (body size), but 3 interactions, explained distribution change. This finding suggests that distribution change is not determined by 1 or 2 traits; rather, the effect of the traits depends on other interacting traits. Such complexity makes it difficult to understand the processes behind distribution changes and emphasizes the need for basic ecological knowledge of species. With such basic knowledge, a more accurate picture of the factors causing distribution changes and increasing risk of extinction might be attainable.     

安全科技人才教育发展战略研究

我国当前安全事故频发与安全科技人才匮乏有一定的关系，安全科技人才教育公共性的缺失是安全科技人才减少的主要原因，国家要走政府主导型的安全科技人才教育发展之路，从战略的高度对其进行研究，本文就这一问题进行尝试性的探索，旨在为我国安全产生提供数量足够的高质量的安全科技人才，为国家作出更大的贡献。     

Conservation and Adaptation to Climate Change

Abstract: The need to adapt to climate change has become increasingly apparent, and many believe the practice of biodiversity conservation will need to alter to face this challenge. Conservation organizations are eager to determine how they should adapt their practices to climate change. This involves asking the fundamental question of what adaptation to climate change means. Most studies on climate change and conservation, if they consider adaptation at all, assume it is equivalent to the ability of species to adapt naturally to climate change as stated in Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Adaptation, however, can refer to an array of activities that range from natural adaptation, at one end of the spectrum, to sustainability science in coupled human and natural systems at the other. Most conservation organizations deal with complex systems in which adaptation to climate change involves making decisions on priorities for biodiversity conservation in the face of dynamic risks and involving the public in these decisions. Discursive methods such as analytic deliberation are useful for integrating scientific knowledge with public perceptions and values, particularly when large uncertainties and risks are involved. The use of scenarios in conservation planning is a useful way to build shared understanding at the science–policy interface. Similarly, boundary organizations—organizations or institutions that bridge different scales or mediate the relationship between science and policy—could prove useful for managing the transdisciplinary nature of adaptation to climate change, providing communication and brokerage services and helping to build adaptive capacity. The fact that some nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are active across the areas of science, policy, and practice makes them well placed to fulfill this role in integrated assessments of biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change.     

颗粒活性炭吸附染料时的表面分形分析

采用N2吸附-脱附实验研究了颗粒活性炭吸附染料前后表面特征的变化,运用表面分形维数表征了表面屏蔽效应和表面粗糙性等性质.结果表明,颗粒活性炭的孔结构是倾斜板交错重叠而形成四面开放的缝隙,桃红、绿色、天蓝、耐晒黑可以撑开颗粒活性炭的孔隙,增大平均孔径;耐晒翠蓝具有降低孔径的能力;大红却有些微孔阻塞作用.FHH理论计算出的相应的7个颗粒活性炭样品吸附6种染料前后的孔隙表面分形维数Ds很接近,为2.97左右,证明颗粒活性炭上吸附的染料并没有发生表面屏蔽效应,也没有使颗粒活性炭表面的粗糙性降低.分形吸附等温线法与基于N2吸附-脱附的FHH理论法计算出的Ds相差较大,这与两种算法的理论基础和码尺大小有关.而热力学模型计算出的Ds远大于3,与Sahouli等的研究不符.