Can food safety policy-making be both scientifically and democratically legitimated? If so,how?

This paper provides an analysis of the evolution of thinking and talking about the role of scientific knowledge and expertise in food safety policy-making, and in risk policy-making more generally from the late 19th century to the present day. It highlights the defining characteristics of several models that have been used to represent and interpret the relations between policy-makers and expert scientific advisors and between scientific and political considerations. Both conceptual and empirical strengths and weaknesses of those models are identified, focusing in particular on the ways in which they deal with scientific uncertainties and social choices. By drawing on both empirical evidence and conceptual analysis, a novel and more realistic model is provided along with an account of some conditions for food safety policy-making achieving both scientific and democratic legitimacy.     

子密钥数据库安全加密算法研究

探讨数据库的加密特点及其加密方法,并详细介绍一种类似DES(数据加密标准)的分组加密算法———子密钥数据库加密算法;同时分析和讨论如何实现数据库加密、解密以及更新;以微软数据库SQLServer2000为例,介绍数据库加密算法的实现过程,该实例应用广泛,在信息管理系统安全、电子商务等领域有很大的借鉴作用。     

从安全科学的本质看安全专业教育的发展趋势

笔者从安全科学的本质分析入手,剖析安全专业教育的公共性、伦理性、综合性、复合性、实践性等本质属性,指出当前我国安全专业教育存在的问题,如公共性的缺失、忽视安全伦理教育、本质安全人的失落、实践能力的降低、通识教育的滑坡等等。并提出我国安全专业教育的发展趋势:走向公共性的复位;安全本质人的重塑;在课程开设中增加安全哲学、安全教育学、安全文化学等人学课程;重视学生工程实践能力的培养,向工程实践的回归;强调学生的综合素养教育,使其加大职业的适应度,走向通识教育的归位;重视伦理道德教育,将增设工程伦理与安全伦理学课程,并在每门课程的实际教学层面融入伦理方面的教育。     

安全科学学的初步研究

从安全科学学的高度,论述安全学科的属性为综合属性,并认为开展安全科学学的研究,才能获得更加重要、更具原创性和更加系统性的理论研究成果。笔者从发展安全学科的角度出发,给出了安全科学学、安全科学方法学、安全科学学公理、比较安全学的基本定义和内涵;从安全学科的属性总结出5条安全科学学公理;指出安全科学学的研究,可以以安全科学方法学的研究作为突破口,安全科学方法学的研究可以以比较安全学作为切入点;还从多个角度对安全科学方法学进行了分类;指出现在安全科学基础研究非常薄弱,安全学科的发展需要更多的研究者投入到安全科学的研究领域中。笔者的论文是第一篇比较系统开展安全科学学研究的论文,对安全学科的发展具有理论指导作用。     

安全管理学及其具体教学内容的构建

通过对安全管理实务和安全管理活动的理论分析,首先,把安全管理学广义地定义为关于事故预防的科学,并分析得到其详细内容、逻辑结构和应用原理;然后,将安全管理学狭义地定义为与安全相关的关于行为协调的科学,并选择性地构建其具体的、与其他课程没有或较少交叉的具体教学内容。     

一个发展中的交叉科学领域——安全科学

本文以科学哲学的思想为指导、系统科学的方法为手段和科学学的内容为借鉴,系统地分析和研究了安全科学技术的产生和发展历史,特别着重阐述在中国的发展状况,同时提出了安全科学的定义、研究内容和它的学科科学技术体系结构模型与专业设置的方案设想。此外,本文还介绍了其他中国学者对安全科学学科建设的不同见解。     

关于安全减灾业的基础性研究及量化模式探讨

本文重点论证加强安全减灾业基础性研究的必要性,并从建立安全减灾量化模式及数学体系作出探讨。     

额尔齐斯河流域河谷林可持续发展的问题与对策

围绕着河谷林现状及在可持续发展中存在的一些问题,探讨了河谷林保护与发展对策,一是必须重新认识河谷林的重要地位;二是必须调整河谷林林分结构增加有林地面积提高河谷林质量;三是必须提高全流域社会经济发展水平,四是在额河流域必须走农林牧协调发展的道路。     

Functional wildlife parks: The views of Kenyan children who live with them

This study reports on Kenyan school children's ideas about wildlife parks in their country. A comparison is made between the responses of school children in primary school, before they receive any science education, and those of secondary school pupils at the end of the secondary cycle. The findings show little difference between the two groups of students in terms of their ideas about wildlife parks. This has serious implications for science and environmental education in Kenya. Parks are understood by these pupils in terms of real life issues, as derived from social consequences. The children's ideas are all based on the role that parks play in society, but the function of parks to support biodiversity conservation does not seem to be important to the students. While it is satisfying to note that the school children have a good understanding of parks in their social context, it is essential to address fully the scientific and ecological role of parks in order that biodiversity becomes more valued in our society.     

Safety Assurance of Foods: Risk Management Depends on Good Science but it is not a Scientific Activity

We make many decisions in our livesand we weigh the benefits against thedrawbacks. Our decisions are based on whatbenefits are most important to us and whatdrawbacks we are willing to accept. Decisionsabout what we eat are made in the same way; butwhen it comes to safety, our decisions areusually made more carefully. Food containsnatural chemicals and it can come into contactwith many natural and artificial substancesduring harvest, production, processing, andpreparation. They include microorganisms,chemicals, either naturally present or producedby cooking, environmental contaminants, andpesticides. Since the chance of being harmed bythese potential hazards is called risk, riskanalysis might be better termed as the scienceof safety, because risk management is anessential part of it. It would, however, bedifficult and shortsighted to maintain thatquestions about risk and safety can have nomoral dimension. Risk and safety become mattersof moral concern when they raise furtherquestions about responsibility, accountability,and justifiability. The question of risk cannotbe ignored in any ethical investigation ofgenetic engineering, novel foods, animalwelfare, and individual choices. However, foodis more than metabolic fuel. It hasphysiological, psychological, social, cultural,and aesthetic associations that merge to form agestalt that people endanger and maintain. Thecontribution of any food towards anindividual's well being is as complex as theindividual himself. In this context, thebenefits of consuming food that containshazards may outweigh the risk.