浅谈环境科学的研究进展

总结了环境科学研究几个方面的进展,重点叙述了对温室效应、臭氧洞、酸雨、水污染和土壤污染的研究概况,以及环境保护模式的改变,并展望了环境科学未来研究可能的热点。     

对全国环境统计软件审核模块功能的改进

针对国家环境统计软件数据审核功能的不足,利用Visual Foxpro数据库语言编制环境统计数据审核软件,改进数据审核模块功能,有效的提高了审核效率和数据的准确性,在环境数据统计实际应用中取得较好的效果.     

新疆工业企业数据库管理系统软件的设计与开发

采用C/S架构数据库方案,设计并开发了新疆工业企业数据库管理系统。该系统不仅具有数据录入、修改、查询、保存等基本功能,还能够实现数据分拣功能,与排污费征收管理系统及"十二五"环境统计系统进行数据对接,避免了大量数据的重复录入,大大提高了工作效率。     

防灾减灾科普绘本设计的新思维

防灾减灾科普绘本是帮助儿童认识自然界的主要灾害和在灾害面前了解自我应对措施的重要途径.目前国内创作的防灾减灾科普绘本在内容表达与知识传播上仍存在着讲解抽象、儿童读者难以理解的问题,究其原因,主要在于设计者没有寻找到切合儿童认知心理特征的表达方式.由此,对已出版的防灾减灾科普绘本进行了归类整理与研究,从知识内容的趣味表达...     

Prioritizing debt conversion opportunities for marine conservation

Incentivized debt conversion is a financing mechanism that can assist countries with a heavy debt burden to bolster their long-term domestic investment in nature conservation. The Nature Conservancy, an international conservation-based nongovernmental organization, is adapting debt conversions to support marine conservation efforts by small island developing states and coastal countries. Prioritizing debt conversion opportunities according to their potential return on investment can increase the impact and effectiveness of this finance mechanism. We developed guidance on how to do so with a decision-support approach that relies on a novel threat-based adaptation of cost-effectiveness analysis. We constructed scenarios by varying parameters of the approach, including enabling conditions, expected benefits, and threat classifications. Incorporating both abatable and unabatable threats affected priorities across planning scenarios. Similarly, differences in scenario construction resulted in unique solution sets for top priorities. We show how environmental organizations, private entities, and investment banks can adopt structured prioritization frameworks for making decisions about conservation finance investments, such as debt conversions. Our guidance can accommodate a suite of social, ecological, and economic considerations, making the approach broadly applicable to other conservation finance mechanisms or investment strategies that seek to establish a transparent process for return-on-investment decision-making.     

Applying science to pressing conservation needs for penguins

More than half of the world's 18 penguin species are declining. We, the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group, determined that the penguin species in most critical need of conservation action are African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), and Yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Due to small or rapidly declining populations, these species require immediate scientific collaboration and policy intervention. We also used a pairwise-ranking approach to prioritize research and conservation needs for all penguins. Among the 12 cross-taxa research areas we identified, we ranked quantifying population trends, estimating demographic rates, forecasting environmental patterns of change, and improving the knowledge of fisheries interactions as the highest priorities. The highest ranked conservation needs were to enhance marine spatial planning, improve stakeholder engagement, and develop disaster-management and species-specific action plans. We concurred that, to improve the translation of science into effective conservation for penguins, the scientific community and funding bodies must recognize the importance of and support long-term research; research on and conservation of penguins must expand its focus to include the nonbreeding season and juvenile stage; marine reserves must be designed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales; and communication between scientists and decision makers must be improved with the help of individual scientists and interdisciplinary working groups.     

Past,current and future Swedish freshwater monitoring from an authority perspective

The synthesis of the BONUS+ research is introduced. The HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan is examined as a case to illustrate the potentials and challenges in building the science–policymaking interface on a macroregional level. The projects address environmental challenges in the Baltic Sea as defined by the Baltic Sea Action Plan, or consider the environmental governance and decision making within the Baltic Sea context in general. Eutrophication, biodiversity, hazardous substances, maritime activities, and the environment governance are addressed, as are crosscutting issues, such as the impact of climate change, maritime spatial planning and impacts of future development on ecosystem services. The projects contributed to relevant policy developments: 37 consultations carried out at EU level, 49 modifications to policy documents and action plans, 153 suggestions for the efficacy of pertinent public policies and governance, and in 570 occasions, scientists working in BONUS+ projects served as members or observers in scientific and stakeholder committees.     

美国高产量化学品数据库在筛选优先化学品中的应用

介绍了美国高产量(HPV)化学品数据库的内容、格式和发展情况,以及采用HPV化学品数据筛选优先化学品的程序。HPV化学品数据库主要包括化学品数据、化学品毒性特征描述、优先风险评估以及数据资助方、提交方及测试方的相关信息,支持物质名称或化学文摘社登记号搜索。采用HPV化学品数据可通过自动分类、毒性特征描述和风险优先等级评价三级筛选程序筛选优先化学品。     

The Challenges of Incorporating Cultural Ecosystem Services into Environmental Assessment

The ecosystem services concept is used to make explicit the diverse benefits ecosystems provide to people, with the goal of improving assessment and, ultimately, decision-making. Alongside material benefits such as natural resources (e.g., clean water, timber), this concept includes—through the ‘cultural’ category of ecosystem services—diverse non-material benefits that people obtain through interactions with ecosystems (e.g., spiritual inspiration, cultural identity, recreation). Despite the longstanding focus of ecosystem services research on measurement, most cultural ecosystem services have defined measurement and inclusion alongside other more ‘material’ services. This gap in measurement of cultural ecosystem services is a product of several perceived problems, some of which are not real problems and some of which can be mitigated or even solved without undue difficulty. Because of the fractured nature of the literature, these problems continue to plague the discussion of cultural services. In this paper we discuss several such problems, which although they have been addressed singly, have not been brought together in a single discussion. There is a need for a single, accessible treatment of the importance and feasibility of integrating cultural ecosystem services alongside others.