Interactions between Sediment and Water: Perspectives on the 10th International Association for Sediment Water Science Symposium

The 10^th International Symposium on Interactions Between Sediment and Water was held in Lake Bled, Slovenia from August 28 to September 3, 2005. Approximately 155 delegates, attended the symposium where talks and posters addressed five themes incorporating the physical, chemical, biological, and/or management aspects of lacustrine, reverine, estuarine, and/or marine sediment were presented. A review of the symposium themes and plenary talks was provided. As well, this symposiums’ focus is put into context with respect to historical changes noted over the 29 years that the International Association for Sediment Water Science (IASWS) has been meeting.     

APPLICATION OF THE BASINS DATABASE AND NPSM MODEL ON A SMALL OHIO WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) watershed management system. BASINS data were used with the NPSM model to predict discharge and sediment concentrations at the outlet of a 103 km² Ohio watershed. It was concluded that the NPSM model should always be calibrated but only a few of the parameters provided with BASINS needed to be calibrated. For a three‐year study period, there was a 2 percent underestimation of discharge using area weighted precipitation values and a 25 percent overestimation using the single station data in BASINS. A comparison of observed and predicted monthly discharge resulted in an r² of 0.86 with area‐weighted precipitation and an r² of 0.74 with the single station data. Calibrating the model to substantially improve sediment predictions was unsuccessful and we concluded that a calibration period of one year was too short. For the three‐year study period, the r² for sediment was 0.36 with a slope of 0.37 and an intercept of 18.8 mg/l. The mean observed and predicted sediment concentrations were 27.1 mg/l and 22.6 mg/l, respectively.     

Database uncertainty as a limiting factor in reactive transport prognosis

The effect of uncertainties in thermodynamic databases on prediction performances of reactive transport modeling of uranium (VI) is investigated with a Monte Carlo approach using the transport code TReaC. TReaC couples the transport model to the speciation code PHREEQC by a particle tracking method. A speciation example is given to illustrate the effect of uncertainty in thermodynamic data on the predicted solution composition. The transport calculations consequently show the prediction uncertainty resulting from uncertainty in thermodynamic data. A conceptually simple scenario of elution of uranium from a sand column is used as an illustrating example. Two different cases are investigated: a carbonate-enriched drinking water and an acid mine water associated with uranium mine remediation problems. Due to the uncertainty in the relative amount of positively charged and neutral solution species, the uncertainty in the thermodynamic data also infers uncertainty in the retardation behavior. The carbonated water system shows the largest uncertainties in speciation calculation. Therefore, the model predictions of total uranium solubility have a broad range. The effect of data uncertainty in transport prediction is further illustrated by a prediction of the time when eluted uranium from the column exceeds a threshold value. All of these Monte Carlo transport calculations consume large amounts of computing time.     

浅谈环保科技档案的现代化管理

实现环保科技档案现代化管理可以提高储存、收藏能力,提高信息处理和信息资源的开发利用能力.为此,应加强人员的培养,加大基础设施建设,选择相对先进,适合自身使用的软件系统,加快实现环保科技档案的现代化管理.     

国际化学品安全卡(中文版)网络数据库查询系统的设计与实现

概述了国际化学品安全卡（中文版）网络查询系统的建设、主要内容及其查询方法。重点介绍了系统的设计思想，采用ASP编程技术实现了该查询系统的设计和运行。     

镉对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)的急性毒性效应

以食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)为受试生物,采用半静水式急性毒性试验和亚急性毒性试验,分别测定Cd2+对食蚊鱼的半致死质量浓度(LC50)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性及组织结构变化,检测镉对食蚊鱼的毒性作用,以探讨Cd2+在水环境中的毒性及食蚊鱼在环境科学研究中的应用.结果表明,Cd2+对食蚊鱼96 h的LC50为22.55 mg/L,属于高毒物质.相同Cd2+暴露质量浓度下,随暴露时间延长,SOD和CAT活性总体表现为先升高后降低的趋势,GST活性则总体表现为先升高后降低、且趋于稳定的趋势.Cd2+暴露后食蚊鱼肝和鳃组织会出现不同程度损伤.研究表明,Cd2+对食蚊鱼属于高毒物质,验证了食蚊鱼对化学品Cd2+的敏感性.     

基于沉陷预计的岩盐矿区土地损毁研究

以封闭溶腔环境和非封闭溶腔环境下的岩盐矿区为研究对象,采用概率积分法,在修正沉陷预计参数的基础上,分析不同溶腔环境下岩盐矿区的地表移动变形和土地损毁结果。封闭溶腔环境下沉陷预计参数的修正引入等价采高模型和水砂充填开采模型,非封闭溶腔环境下沉陷预计参数的修正引入等价采高模型。结果表明,不同溶腔环境下的预计结果的最大值存在显著差别,地表移动变形结果值取决于溶腔封闭性。在封闭溶腔环境下,岩盐矿区的下沉、倾斜、水平变形、水平移动和曲率的最大值分别为400 mm、0.35 mm/m、0.55 mm/m、180 mm和0.001 1 mm/m2,损毁范围内的农用地均属于轻度损毁;在非封闭溶腔环境下,岩盐矿区的下沉、倾斜变形、水平变形、水平移动和曲率的最大值分别为6 500 mm、0.6 mm/m、9.5 mm/m、2 800 mm和0.02 mm/m2,损毁范围内的农用地受轻度、中度和重度损毁的面积分别为1 095.70 hm2、148.44 hm2和107.78 hm2。通过对比,封闭溶腔环境下岩盐矿区的地表移动变形结果小于非封闭溶腔环境下的地表移动变形结果,在非封闭溶腔环境下岩盐开采可能造成大范围的土地损毁,岩盐矿区土地损毁预防措施要解决的核心问题是保障溶腔的完整性和封闭性。     

浅析吉林省“十三五”环境保护规划总体思路

"十三五"时期是我国全面建成小康社会的最后五年,同时也是生态环境保护适应新形势、实现与全面建成小康社会同步的关键五年,吉林省的环境保护工作将面临巨大的挑战。从战略高度研究提出"十三五"环境保护规划总体思路,可为科学编制吉林省"十三五"环境保护规划奠定坚实的技术基础。     

Youth participation in disaster risk reduction through science clubs in the Philippines

With the UN‐led celebration of the International Year of Youth from August 2010 to August 2011 there has been a renewed interest in young people and the vital role they can play in important issues, such as disaster risk reduction (DRR). This study aims to examine the potential of science clubs as a vehicle for youth participation in DRR in the Philippines. A questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. A total of 658 science club members from different provinces of the Philippines participated in the survey. The result of the survey is used to explain how the major barriers to youth participation in DRR can be overcome. Through science clubs, the youth can become a link between their school, home and community and can contribute to spreading knowledge about disaster prevention, preparedness and response learned inside and outside the classroom.     

Trait differences between naturalized and invasive plant species independent of residence time and phylogeny

The ability to predict which alien plants will transition from naturalized to invasive prior to their introduction to novel regions is a key goal for conservation and has the potential to increase the efficacy of weed risk assessment (WRA). However, multiple factors contribute to plant invasion success (e.g., functional traits, range characteristics, residence time, phylogeny), and they all must be taken into account simultaneously in order to identify meaningful correlates of invasion success. We compiled 146 pairs of phylogenetically paired (congeneric) naturalized and invasive plant species in Australia with similar minimum residence times (i.e., time since introduction in years). These pairs were used to test for differences in 5 functional traits (flowering duration, leaf size, maximum height, specific leaf area [SLA], seed mass) and 3 characteristics of species’ native ranges (biome occupancy, mean annual temperature, and rainfall breadth) between naturalized and invasive species. Invasive species, on average, had larger SLA, longer flowering periods, and were taller than their congeneric naturalized relatives. Invaders also exhibited greater tolerance for different environmental conditions in the native range, where they occupied more biomes and a wider breadth of rainfall and temperature conditions than naturalized congeners. However, neither seed mass nor leaf size differed between pairs of naturalized and invasive species. A key finding was the role of SLA in distinguishing between naturalized and invasive pairs. Species with high SLA values were typically associated with faster growth rates, more rapid turnover of leaf material, and shorter lifespans than those species with low SLA. This suite of characteristics may contribute to the ability of a species to transition from naturalized to invasive across a wide range of environmental contexts and disturbance regimes. Our findings will help in the refinement of WRA protocols, and we advocate the inclusion of quantitative traits, in particular SLA, into the WRA schemes.